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Plants Part 1:Cells, Organelle, Osmosis,
Photosynthesis
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Taxonomy: Categorizing living things into groups based on similarities
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6 kingdoms: 1. Eubacteria: bacteria
2. Archaebacteria: extreme bacteria
3. Protista: seaweed and single-celled critters, can be plant or animal-like
4. Animalia: animals, no cell-walls, heterotrophs (must eat)
5. Fungi: fungus, cell walls and heterotrophs
6. Plantae: plants
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Plants: multicellular organisms that are sessile, produce their own food from inorganic matter by the process of photosynthesis and have rigid cell walls
–Multicellular: contains more than one cell–Sessile: doesn’t move under its own power– Inorganic matter: not alive, CO2, H2O–Photosynthesis: Produces glucose sugar from sunlight, CO2 and H2O –Cell Walls: surround the cell and give it shape
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Plants Do NOT Include: 1. Algae (live in water, single celled, and has no roots = Protist) 2. Seaweed (lives in water, no roots = Protist)3. Fungi (consumes dead organisms, no photosynthesis) 4. Bacteria (unicellular)5. Animals (no photosynthesis, can move)
• Some plants live in water or don’t photosynthesize (parasites). They are considered plants because they are descended from legitimate photosynthesizing, land-dwelling plants
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Plant Cells and Animal Cells contain organelle
• All living things are made of cells that are surrounded by a cell membrane, which keeps the inside separated from the outside and allows certain molecules through.• Plants and animals are both eukaryotes (DNA is enclosed in a nucleus)• The cytoplasm is everything between the cell membrane and the nucleus. It holds
the organelle and does chemical changes needed to keep the cell alive. • Both have mitochondria that produce ATP energy for the cell.
• Organelle: parts of a cell
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Plant Cells vs. Animal Cells• Plant cells are different from animal cells in several ways:• Rigid cell wall that is OUTSIDE the cell membrane. It is the box that
contains the cell.• Central vacuole that stores water • Chloroplasts that perform photosynthesis
- Chloroplasts were originally free-living photosynthetic bacteria that got swallowed by a primitive eukaryotic cell and developed a beneficial symbiotic relationship inside the cell (endosymbiont theory)
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Cell Walls:• The cell wall is mostly made of cellulose.• Cellulose is a molecule made of many glucose sugar molecules linked in long
chains• Starch is also made of many glucose units, but the connection between the
glucoses is different. • Almost all organisms can easily digest starch, but only bacteria and protists can
digest cellulose.
Glucose Sugar
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Osmosis:
• All cells have to deal with osmosis:• Water moves from areas of high
water concentration (lots of water molecules and less salt) to areas of low water concentration (more salt and less water).
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What happens in different solutions?
• Hypertonic: High water concentration inside the cell
• Isotonic: equal inside and out
• Hypotonic: High water concentration outside the cell
Water leaves, cell shrinks Water leaves and enters, cell stays the same
Water enters, cell expands
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What is the purpose of cell walls?
• There is usually a higher concentration of salt particles inside the cell• So water moves into the
cell, which would cause the cell to swell and burst.• The cell wall acts as a box to
prevent the cell from bursting.
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Why do plants wilt?
• If the plant isn’t getting enough water (or if the plant is put in a high salt solution), the water supply in the central vacuole moves into the cytoplasm. • This causes the cell to shrink
away from the cell wall.• The plant wilts
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Photosynthesis: • The plant takes in:
1. Light energy from the sun 2. Carbon dioxide (CO2) from the air 3. Water (H2O) from the soil
• The plant produces: 1. Oxygen gas (O2) 2. Sugar (C6H12O6)
• Photosynthesis happens in the chloroplasts.