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Plasma Visualization Diagnostics for KSTAR: ECEI and MIR
C.W. Domier, N.C. Luhmann, Jr.University of California at Davis
FY09 US-KSTAR Collaboration WorkshopApril 15-16, 2009 – San Diego, CA
UC DAVISPLASMADIAGNOSTICSGROUP
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Outline
● Introduction and Overview
● Diagnostic Principles– Te Measurements via ECEI
– ne Measurements via MIR and MDIR
● Experience on Previous and Current Systems
● Ongoing Development Activities
● Low Field (~2 T) and High Field (3-3.5 T) Conceptual Designs
● Diagnostic Development Plan
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Outline
● Introduction and Overview
● Diagnostic Principles– Te Measurements via ECEI
– ne Measurements via MIR and MDIR
● Experience on Previous and Current Systems
● Ongoing Development Activities
● Low Field (~2 T) and High Field (3-3.5 T) Conceptual Designs
● Diagnostic Development Plan
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Introduction and Motivation●A unique window of opportunity exists
on KSTAR for fundamental understanding of MHD and turbulence not possible with ITER and future burning plasma experiments
–Excellent port access
–Advances in 3-D simulation capability
–Advances in imaging diagnostics capability
●2-D plasma microwave imaging tools–Electron Cyclotron Emission Imaging
(ECEI)
–Microwave Imaging Reflectometry(MIR)
–Microwave Doppler Imaging Reflectometry (MDIR)
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Outline
● Introduction and Overview
● Diagnostic Principles– Te Measurements via ECEI
– ne Measurements via MIR and MDIR
● Experience on Previous and Current Systems
● Ongoing Development Activities
● Low Field (~2 T) and High Field (3-3.5 T) Conceptual Designs
● Diagnostic Development Plan
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2-D ECE Imaging (ECEI)● In conventional 1-D ECE
radiometry, a single antenna receives all frequencies. In ECEI, a vertically aligned antenna/ mixer array is employed as the receiver.
● Advantages: high spatialand temporal resolution,2-D correlation.
● Real time 2-D imaging using wideband IF electronics and single sideband detection.
– 16×8=128 channels on ASDEX-UG
– 20×16=320 channels onDIII-D
– 24×32=768 channels envisaged for KSTAR
fce
R
fce
R
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VideoAmps
Mixers
IF Amps DetectorsAntennas
Mixers
Baluns
Preamps FiltersPower Divider
LO
LOnNotch Filter
ADCs
PlasmaOptics
ECEI System Overview – TEXTOR
Dichroic Plate
LO1
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Imaging Fluctuation Reflectometry
● Microwave reflections from plasma cutoffs contain information on density fluctuations near the cutoff layer
● 1-D fluctuations: simple mirror-like interpretation
● 2-D fluctuations: the received signal is corrupted by interference from multiple reflected waves
● Imaging can restore phase fronts!1-D fluctuations
2-D fluctuations
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Microwave Imaging Reflectometry (MIR)
● Probing beam illuminates extended region of cutoff layer
● Beam curvature matched (toroidal and poloidal) to that of the cutoff surface
● Cutoff layer imaged onto array of detectors (3 elements shown), eliminating interference effects
● Detection system shares the same plasma-facing optics
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Video Amps
IF Amp I-Q Mixer
Antenna
Mixer
Filters
LO
DACs
PlasmaOptics
Beam Splitter
Toriodal Mirror
Window
MIR ArrayLOSource
Illumination Source
Plasma
Poloidal Mirror
MIR Electronics
MIR System Overview - TEXTOR
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Microwave Doppler Imaging Reflectometry● Off-axis probing beam is
scattered by Doppler rotation of fluctuations near the cutoff layer
● Optics angularly resolve the reflected/scattered waves onto imaging array
Ray tracing of Doppler reflectometry system on Tore-Supra
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Comparison Between MIR and MDIR
● Common features
– Planar imaging array
– Large aperture optics
– Multiple frequencies to probe multiple cutoff layers
● Major differences
– MDIR illumination beamis narrower, and tilted with respect to plasma midplane
– MDIR probes poloidal scattering angle rather than vertical position
MIR
MDIR
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Outline
● Introduction and Overview
● Diagnostic Principles– Te Measurements via ECEI
– ne Measurements via MIR and MDIR
● Experience on Previous and Current Systems
● Ongoing Development Activities
● Low Field (~2 T) and High Field (3-3.5 T) Conceptual Designs
● Diagnostic Development Plan
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Single Array ECEI on TEXTOR
Single array implementation with 16×8 Te image resolution
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TEXTOR Study of “Sawtooth Oscillation”
ECEI demonstrated “random 3-D reconnection zone,” in which the reconnection zone has been observed to occur everywhere (including high field side, see video left)
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Single Array ECEI on ASDEX-UG
TEXTOR system transferred to ASDEX-UG in Jan. 2009, and will begin operation in May 2009
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Dual Array ECEI on DIII-D
● Horizontal and vertical zoom control with full remote capability
● Two array system, each 20×8 channels expandable to 20×24
● Installation in Sept. 2009, with first results in Oct. 2009
27 cm
1.3 m
Narrow zoom Narrow spacing
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Dual Array ECEI on DIII-D
● Horizontal and vertical zoom control with full remote capability
● Two array system, each 20×8 channels expandable to 20×24
● Installation in Sept. 2009, with first results in Oct. 2009
Wide zoom Wide spacing
55 cm
1.3 m
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Dual Array ECEI on DIII-D
● Horizontal and vertical zoom control with full remote capability
● Two array system, each 20×8 channels expandable to 20×24
● Installation in Sept. 2009, with first results in Oct. 2009
Wide zoom Wide spacing
55 cm
1.3 m
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Outline
● Introduction and Overview
● Diagnostic Principles– Te Measurements via ECEI
– ne Measurements via MIR and MDIR
● Experience on Previous and Current Systems
● Ongoing Development Activities
● Low Field (~2 T) and High Field (3-3.5 T) Conceptual Designs
● Diagnostic Development Plan
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Ongoing Development Activities
●Mini-lens imaging array concept and vertical zoom optics
●Horizontal zoom ECEI electronics and frequency extenders
●Quasi-optical notch filters
●High frequency imaging antennas
●Multi-frequency MIR sources
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Mini-Lens Array Configuration
Advantages
● Elliptical substrate lens optimizes coupling and reduces sidelobes
● Eliminates off-axis aberrations
● Uses front side LO pumping for enhanced coupling, increased sensitivity and wide bandwidth (octave) operation
LO Beam
Mini-Lenses
Antennas
Beam Splitter
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ECEI Array
LO Source
Zoom Control Lenses
Focal Plane Translation Lens
Beamsplitter
New Mini-Lens ECEI System OpticsNotch Filters (3)
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New Vertical Zoom Optics
Wide ZoomShot 107808
Narrow ZoomShot 107809
Te images courtesy of Prof. T. Munsat at the University of Colorado
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Horizontal spacing and spot size can now be independently and remotely-controlled
New Horizontal Zoom Electronics
7.9 GHz
8.8 GHz
2.5 GHz
3.4 GHz
4.3 GHz
5.2 GHz
6.1 GHz
7.0 GHz
LP Filter
DigitalAttenuator
HP Filter
Power Divider
7.0 GHz
7.6 GHz
3.4 GHz
4.0 GHz
4.6 GHz
5.2 GHz
5.8 GHz
6.4 GHz
Mixer VCO VCO
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Multiple Modules for Increased Coverage
Standardized modules can be ganged together to extend RF coverage
– Two modules provide16 GHz coverage
– Three modules provide24.5 GHz coverage
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New “Stackable” Notch Filters● Highly collimated mini-lens beams permit
significantly improved ECRH shielding– Relaxed angular requirements (≤ 8°)– Stack up to 3 notch filters in series
● 140 GHz filter stack installed on TEXTOR (single filter results shown below)
● 170 GHz filter stack under development for KSTAR
-35
-30
-25
-20
-15
-10
-5
0
110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145
5 Degree Tilt8 Degree Tilt
Tra
ns
mis
sio
n (
dB
)
Frequency (GHz)
Quasi-Optical Notch Filters
Quasi-Optical Notch Filters
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Antennas/Mixers for High-Field ECEI
● Two approaches under investigation to realize imaging antennas for ECEI on KSTAR under high-field (3-3.5 T) conditions
● Fundamental mixers require high frequency (150-220 GHz) sources with >40 mW output power difficult to obtain!
● 2nd harmonic mixers have 2-3 dB worse conversion losses, but can use lower frequency (75-110 GHz) sources readily available!
fRF
FundamentalMixer
fLO
fIF = fRF - fLO fRF
2nd HarmonicMixer
fLO ≈ ½ fRF
fIF = fRF - 2fLO
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POSTECH Collaboration (Prof. Hyeon Park) on MIR Characterization
TEXTOR MIR system now set up at POSTECH for detailed laboratory measurements and characterization
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PPPL Collaboration (Dr. Gerrit Kramer) on MIR Modelling
2-D simulations of microwaves reflected from a circular plasma, with an illumination beam curvature-matched to the plasma
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Kyungpook National University Collaboration (Prof. Kangwook Kim) on
MIR Illumination Sources
Schematic illustrating how a simultaneous “comb” of illumination frequencies can probe multiple cutoff layers, as each frequency reflects from a distinct cutoff layer
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Kyungpook National University Collaboration (Prof. Kangwook Kim) on
MIR Illumination Sources
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Outline
● Introduction and Overview
● Diagnostic Principles– Te Measurements via ECEI
– ne Measurements via MIR and MDIR
● Experience on Previous and Current Systems
● Ongoing Development Activities
● Low Field (~2 T) and High Field (3-3.5 T) Conceptual Designs
● Diagnostic Development Plan
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KSTAR Diagnostic Layout
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ECEI Configuration: ~2T
● Low field (~2 T) design for ECEI only
● High field side (HFS) and low field side (LFS) systems share the same zoom optics (inside cassette)
● Two array configuration per port, each generating 24(v)×8(h) Te images expandable to 24×24 images
Plasma
Focal lenses
Vacuumwindow
Zoom lenses
Beam splitter
ToroidallensesCassette
LFS array
HFS arrayMirror
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ECEI on KSTAR at 2.0 T
33 cm
100 cm
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
Fre
que
ncy
(GH
z)
Normalized Radius r/a
3fC
2fC
fC f
R
ECEI
fECRH
High Field Side
Low Field Side
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ECEI on KSTAR at 2.0 T
33 cm
100 cm
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
Fre
que
ncy
(GH
z)
Normalized Radius r/a
3fC
2fC
fC f
R
ECEI
fECRH
High Field Side
Low Field Side
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ECEI on KSTAR at 2.0 T
51 cm
100 cm
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
Fre
que
ncy
(GH
z)
Normalized Radius r/a
3fC
2fC
fC f
R
ECEI
fECRH
High Field Side
Low Field Side
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ECEI/MIR Configuration: 3-3.5 T
Plasma
Focal lenses
Vacuumwindow
Zoom lenses
Dichroic Plate
ToroidallensesCassette
ECEI array
MIR array
Beamsplitter
MIR Source
● High field design for simultaneous ECEI and MIR/MDIR
● Two array ECEI configuration, each generating 24×8 Te images expandable to 24×24 images
● Single array MIR/MDIR configuration with a 16 element array and up to 8 simultaneous frequencies/cutoff layers
● Decision to implement MIR or MDIR (or both) dependent upon results from joint POSTECH and PPPL study into MIR physics
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ECEI at High Field (3-3.5 T)
High Field Side
Low Field Side
51 cm
100 cm
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
Fre
que
ncy
(GH
z)
Normalized Radius r/a
3fC2f
C
fC
fR
ECEI
fECRH
MIR/MDIR
fECRH
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MIR/MDIR at High Field (3-3.5 T)
20 cm
100 cm
80
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1
Fre
que
ncy
(GH
z)
Normalized Radius r/a
3fC2f
C
fC
fR
ECEI
fECRH
MIR/MDIR
fECRH
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Outline
● Introduction and Overview
● Diagnostic Principles– Te Measurements via ECEI
– ne Measurements via MIR and MDIR
● Experience on Previous and Current Systems
● Ongoing Development Activities
● Low Field (~2 T) and High Field (3-3.5 T) Conceptual Designs
● Diagnostic Development Plan
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Diagnostic Development Plan
FY2009– Design multi-array low field (~2 T) ECEI system
– Develop multi-frequency source technology for MIR/MDIR (collaboration with Kyungpook National University)
– Fabricate and test high performance 170 GHz notch filters
FY2010– Fabricate and characterize multi-array low-field ECEI system
– Install multi-array low-field ECEI system on KSTAR
– Fabricate and test prototype high-field (3.0-3.5 T) ECEI antennas
– POSTECH and PPPL to complete MIR system tests; results to be used to design optimum MIR and/or MDIR optical configuration
FY2011– Operate and maintain low-field ECEI system on KSTAR
– Design high field (3-3.5 T) simultaneous ECEI and MIR/MDIR system
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Thank you for your attention