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Poetry “The poet’s eye in a fine frenzy rolling, doth glance from heaven to earth, from earth to heaven, and as imagination bodies forth the forms of thing unknown, the poet’s pen turns them to shapes, and gives to airy nothing a local habitation and a name.” -William Shakespeare A Midsummer Night’s Dream
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Poet Marianne Moore once said that poems are “imaginary gardens with real toads in them.” To create these “imaginary gardens,” or as Shakespeare put it, to “give to airy nothing a local habitation and a name,” poets use the most powerful tool in the world—language. The twist it, bend it, stretch it, and shape it to reveal something new each time they put pen to paper.
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Percy Byssch Shelley said it another way: “Poetry lifts the veil from hidden beauty. It makes familiar objects be as if they were not familiar and
creates anew the universe.”
What do I see? A tree in the
autumn.
I see dead leaves varnished with
color like blood..
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Some of the devices poets use are imagery (through figurative language and sound devices), rhythm, rhyme, and form.
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Simile
Her eyes sparkled like diamonds. He was as cool as a
cucumber.
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Love is a fragile flower opening to the warmth
of Spring
He was drowning in paperwork.
He slithered into town quietly so no one would notice when he dug his
fangs in and slowly poisoned their minds.
Metaphor
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Personification
Cars dance across the icy road.
The thunder grumbled like an old man.
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Hyperbole
My teacher is so old she considers Shakespeare to be 'new-fangled modern art'!
I had a ton of homework
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Apostrophe
Hello darkness, my old friend,
I've come to talk with you again . . .
Science! True daughter of Old Time thou art!
Bright star, would I were steadfast as
thou art
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Synecdoche
Friends, Romans, countrymen: lend me
your ears. I should have been a pair of ragged claws Scuttling across the floors of silent seas.
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Metonymy
Detroit is still hard at work on an SUV that runs on rain forest trees and
panda blood.
By the sweat of thy brow thou shalt eat thy
bread.
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Litote
Perhaps he’s a little sleepy.
They aren't the happiest couple around.
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Symbol
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Allusion
She was breathtakingly
beautiful, but he knew that she was
forbidden fruit.
His wife was his Achilles'
heel.
She was no Scrooge, but she seldom purchased
anything except the bare necessities.
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Antonomasia
Hey, Casanova, keep your hands to
yourself.
Where did you put the stapler,
Dilbert?
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Oxymoron Deafening silence
Seriously funny
Original copies
Silent scream
Small crowd
Definite maybe
Cold fire
Controlled chaos Expressive silence
Virtual reality
Only choice
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Alliteration
Nature’s first green is gold, Her hardest hue to hold.
Betty Butter bought some butter, but, she said, the butter’s bitter
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Assonance
Hear the lark and harken to the barking of the dark fox gone to
ground.
The spider skins lie on their sides, translucent and ragged, their legs drying in knots.
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Consonance
A Quietness distilled A silent listening wave
Whose woods these are I think I know. His house is in the village though; He will not see me stopping here, To watch his woods fill up with snow.
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Onomatopoeia
I'm getting married in the morning! Ding dong! the bells are gonna chime.
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Repetition
Refrain
Rain The rain is falling all around
It falls on field and tree, It rains on the umbrellas here,
And on the ships at sea.
O'er the land of the free, and the home of the brave.
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Scan the following: Ashore a shore Father Content Beautiful Unlawful Interviewer photographer
Meter is the rhythm or pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry
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iambic
trochaic
=unstressed =stressed
anapestic
dactylic
spondaic
pyrrhic
Foot=the particular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables. Each of the following is the name of a foot used in poetry:
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Iambic: She went to town To buy a gown.
Your turn: He bought a fancy car __________________
Trochaic: Double, double, toil and trouble Fire burn and cauldron bubble.
Your turn: Listen to your waiter __________________
Anapestic: I will walk with an air Of a man with green hair.
Your turn: It was dark __________________
Dactylic: Angels were singing in unison, Basking in light from the holy one.
Your turn: Nobody likes to see __________________
Write a line that rhymes with the line above it and has the same meter (pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables.
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monometer – pattern appears once pentameter – five times dimeter - pattern appears two times hexameter – six times trimeter- pattern appears three times heptameter – seven times tetrameter - pattern appears four times octameter – eight times
Practice: Write the sentences, mark the syllables and write the meter (Remember, the meter is two parts, pattern and line, e.g. trochaic tetrameter) 1. Pigs were running back to shelter. 2. It was cold in the fall of the year. 3. Parting is sorrowful, always so terrible. 4. Peaceful breezes brushed my window. 5. I wished upon a lucky star. 6. From the North came the chill of his breath. 7. If I could be a movie star in love. 8. Listen to everyone quietly whispering.
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Rhyme
Scheme – first line is A, second line is A if it rhymes or B if it doesn’t He sang A He sang A A tune B And rang A Of love C A bell B In June B So swell B
Single – one syllable rhyme boat/float Double – two syllable rhyme waiter/alligator Triple – three syllable rhyme, glorious/victorious
End – comes at the end of the lines Internal – comes within line or in the middle of two lines example: the voice of death ends choice of sleep
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Lyrical Poetry Free verse – no rhyme, no meter
Rhymed verse – rhyme and meter
Blank verse – no rhyme, iambic pentameter Stanza – division of poetry couplet – two lines sestet – six lines triplet – three lines septet – seven lines quatrain – four lines octave – eight lines quintet – five lines
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Types of Poems
Ode – profound treatment of a subject, rhyme scheme and meter up to writer
Ballad – tells a story formal ballad stanza = four line stanzas, ABCB, first and third lines iambic tetrameter, second and fourth lines iambic trimeter
Italian sonnet – 14 lines, ABBA,ABBA, CDCDCD or CDECDE sets up a problem or situation, then solves or explains
English sonnet – 14 lines, ABAB,CDCD,EFEF,GG, iambic pentameter