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Pompeii and the Roman Villa:
Art and Culture around the
Bay of Naples
Discovery
Guide
Designed or Young Audiences
National Gallery o Art, Washington
October , March ,
National Gallery o Art, WashingtonOctober , March ,
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About This Exhibition The exhibition is organized in threesections, and this guide is color-coded to help you navigate and
explore the themes.
Green Begin with the theme o Roman houses and villas.Discover the owners, see objects rom their homes, and explore
art rom gardens and a dining room.
Blue Next, learn about the Romans interest in Greek art, history,and mythology.
OrangeThen, examine the infuence o ancient Rome on Euro-pean art and culture ater the discovery o the ruins o Pompeii
in the eighteenth century.
How to Use This Guide Designed or amilies and schoolgroups, the guide will help you locate key works and introduce
you to important themes o the exhibition. The works o art are
presented in the order in which they appear in the exhibition.
Recommended or ages .
First, nd the objects shown in the image.
Then, look careully at the works o art to answer the questions.
Related information is provided in the columns along the right
side o each page.
At the bottom of each page, Connect to the Present questions
explore links between the ancient world and our own. Use these
as discussion questions in the exhibition or to extend your visitback at home or in school.
Tips for Teachers Use this guide to identiy good starting andstopping locations or your visit. I you have less than an hour, you
may wish to tour only one or two sections. I you are visiting with
a group o more than thirty students, stagger their entry times into
the exhibition.
Reminder Please be careul not to touch the objects or lean on thewalls or cases. Oils rom your hands and clothing can be damaging.
The Bay o Naples is a beautiul place. The rocky coast,
everywhere sparkling with light, drops dramatically into the
Mediterranean, plunging into waters colored lapis, turquoise,and plum. The land is ertile and terraced with ruit trees.
Cool breezes temper the heat o sunny days. No wonder
the richest people in Rome including emperors and their
amilies let the hot, dir ty city or their lavish coastal villas.
But on an August day in AD 79, lie around the Bay o
Naples was abruptly silenced. The volcanic eruption o
Mount Vesuvius buried many towns and villas, preserving
a remarkable record o the past.
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4 Romans and Their Homes 5
Whats in a Name?
As you tour the exhibition, youll
notice that many o the Roman
houses have colorul names Houseo the Centenary, House o theTragic Poet, House o the Golden
Bracelet. These names were
given by archaeologists when theydiscovered the houses. Sometimes
the name reers to a work o art
ound inside the ruins.
Beware the DogCave Canem (Beware the Dog):A mosaic depicting a guard dog was
placed at the threshold o the rontdoor o some Pompeian homes as
a humorous no trespassing sign.
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Enter a Roman House
Find the large photomurals on each side o the exhibition
entrance. These murals reproduce watercolors painted in the
early s showing how the House o the Centenary in
Pompeii might have looked in antiquity.
Explore this house with your eyes.
Find the photomural details il lustrated here.
Imagine what it may have been like to live in this house:
Which part o the house looks like the most un to play in?
Can you nd a place where you might like to relax?
Connect to the present
Think about: How is this Roman house both similar to anddierent rom houses today?
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6 Romans and Their Homes 7
A Famous Villa Owner
Find the marble portrait o Augustus. Augustus was Romes rst
emperor, and he ruled rom bc to ad. Most surviving por-
traits o Augustus were made ater his death; this rare exception
dates rom his lietime. He vacationed at several sites around the
Bay o Naples and owned a villa on the island o Capri.
Look closely at Augustus ace: circle the words below that
describe his expression.
Choose another portrait in this room: underline the words above
that describe that persons expression.
Connect to the present
Consider: Where can you see portraits o todays leaders?What impressions or ideas do their images project?
Seaside VillasOther people whose portraits you
see in this room including Julius
Caesar, the emperors Caligulaand Nero, and other members o
Augustus amily also had villas
around the bay. These lavish homeswere surrounded with prom-
enades and gardens and terraces
to the sea. I less wealthy people
could not aord such luxury, theycould perhaps aord to have a villapainted on their walls paintings
like this one were very popular.
happy
sad
angry
thoughtul
tired
worried
calmcondent
proud
anxious
pleased
excited
distant
satised
surprised
hopeul
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At Home
Many o the things Romans used in everyday lie are amiliar to
us today: dishes, glassware, and jewelry are not real ly that dier-
ent rom ours. The objects in this room give us a glimpse into theelegant liestyle o the wealthy people who lived around the bay.
Find the six household objects shown in the details on the
opposite page.
Match the images to the descriptions on the right.
Connect to the present
Considerwhich o these items we still use today. How aretodays objects dierent rom household objects rom Pompeii?
a table legs
These table supports carved withantastic creatures must have
been one o the amilys prized
possessions.
b lamp
Light came rom lamps that burnedolive oil. This one has spouts or
two fames. Oten lamps were set
on tall stands.
c writing implements
Roman children learned to writeon olding wax tablets using a
stylus. These erasable tablets werealso used or quick notes. Real
books were written with ink on
long rolls o papyrus.
d cup
This elegant two-handled silver cupwas used or drinking wine.
e seafood
Romans loved seaood, and sharming was a protable business.Paintings and mosaics showed the
bounties o the sea sea bass,
squid, clams, shrimp, octopus,lobster, eel, and founder. Some
people even had pet sh.
f jewelry
Romans thought that snakes
brought good luck. Worn on theupper arm, spiral bracelets in the
orm o a snake were popular.
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Courtyards and Gardens I
While villas were surrounded by gardens, houses in town had
gardens planted in interior courtyards. These gardens were accented
with ountains, carved relies, statues, and gurines that spurted
water into pools. Gardens could be places or quiet, contemplative
pursuits reading and writing, discussing philosophy with riends,
or simply enjoying nature.
Find these animals:dog
lion
snake
peacock
boar
Think about What sound does each o these animals make?
Connect to the present
Decide: How do we bring animals and other elements romnature into our homes today?
Dionysos in the Garden
Images o the wine god Dionysos(Bacchus in Latin), along with his
band o revelers, appear in many
garden paintings and sculptures.Dionysos was a natural t or the
garden because he was associated
with the ertility and abundance o
the earth. He was also the god otheaterthe very rst plays musthave been part o harvest estivals
dedicated to him and sculptures
showing the exaggerated masksworn by actors were common
garden decorations.
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12 Romans and Their Homes 13
Pompeian Wall Painting
Romans loved wall painting. Even
the poorest houses in Pompeii hadone or two painted rooms. The
rich could aord splendid colors
(green and blue were among themost expensive, yellow and red
the most popular). The best artists
were hired to paint intricate andbeautiul scenes, some covering
entire walls, others set like smallpictures inside painted architec-
tural rames.
Dining in Style
Dining rooms were oten located
to provide guests with a viewo the garden. The dining room
was called a triclinium because itcontained three couches. It was
the ancient custom to recline while
eating! A meal could last or hours,with entertainment between
courses. Imagine what it would
have been like to dine in this room:reclining on an elegant couch, eat-
ing with your ngers, and enjoying
entertainments. This could havebeen the menu:
Entertainment and Fine Dining
The dining room was oten the grandest room in a Roman house.
These rescos, which decorated a dining room, allude to the many
entertainments that diners would have enjoyed along with their
ood, such as music, poetry readings, or a play.
Find the god Apollo, foating in the center and playing his lyre.
He was the ancient god o light, reason, and music. Apollo is sur-
rounded by muses, sister goddesses who represented di erent arts.
Examine the resco and identiy the ollowing muses:Euterpe, muse o music, is shown with a fute.
Urania, muse o astronomy, is holding a globe.
Melpomene, muse o tragedy, is holding an actors mask
with a sad expression.
Thalia, muse o comedy, is holding an actors mask
with a happy expression
Connect to the present
Imagine: I you could create a resco or a room in your home,which room would you choose? What would you paint?
appetizers
olives
mushrooms
eggs
oysters
main course
hot boiled goose
stuffed hare
songbirds with
asparagus
squid
dessert
fresh figs
stuffed dates
grapes
honey cakes
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Courtyards and Gardens II
Find the garden scene rom the House o the Golden Bracelet.
This painting decorated a living room wall in a luxurious house.
Filled with plants and birds, it was a way o bringing nature into
the house. No matter what the season, these fowers are always
in bloom and the sky is a lways bright blue.
Explore this garden with your eyes. It is thickly planted with
laurel, oleander, sycamore, and palm, as well as roses, daisies, ivy,
and poppies. The birds have also been identied see pages ,.
Imagine sitting in this garden:
What sounds might you hear?
What are some things you might smell?
How might you eel?
Find two masks and a birdbath in the painting. Next, look or
similar objects in this room.
Connect to the present
Share: Where do you like to go to relax and to think?
MosaicsThe Romans got their taste or
mosaics rom Greece. The earli-
est were made with simple river
pebbles. But artisans soon startedto use colored marbles and glass,greatly expanding the range o
colors. These were cut into smaller
and more regular pieces calledtesserae, allowing artists to create
subtle eects o light and shade
and greater detail.Most mosaics in Pompeian
homes were laid on the foor.
Reproductions in this exhibitionwill give you a sense o what it
would have been like to walkon them.
Platos Academy
Gardens were places o learning.Romans admired Greek philosophers,
including Plato, who is depicted here
pointing to a globe. The setting is theolive grove outside Athens where
Plato ounded his school in theourth century BC.
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barn swallow
dove
turtledove
wood pigeon
house sparrows
golden oriole
blue rock thrush
wood pigeon
magpie
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18 Greek Legacy 19
Greek Legacy: Mythology
Find the Thracian gladiators helmet. The oldest permanent
amphitheater we know about is the one built in Pompeii in bc.
The most popular events held there were mortal combats between
gladiators. Warriors rom Thrace (mostly modern Bulgaria) wore
helmets such as this one with a latticed visor to protect the eyes
and a wide, faring rim.
Look closely at the helmets decoration: the scenes illustrate
episodes surrounding the all o the city o Troy, center o the
legendary Trojan War.
Discover Did you know that the Trojan War was an important
part o the mythology o Rome? Ater the Trojan prince Paris stole
Helen, the beautiul wie o the Greek king Menelaos, the Greeks
and Trojans ought or ten years. At last the Greeks were victorious.
The greatest o all Greek poets, Homer, told the story rom the
Greek point o view. The greatest Latin poet, Virgil, took up the
story rom the other side. VirgilsAen eid ollows the Trojan heroAeneas in his long journey toward a new l ie in Italy. Aeneas son
established the town rom which Rome itsel was ounded.
Identify a ew scenes on the helmet:
Front Menelaos and Helen beore the walls o TroyLeft Death o the Trojan king Priam
Right Aeneas feeing the burning city carrying his ather
on his shoulders
Consider Why would a gladiator want this story to be shown
on his helmet?
Connect to the present
Think about: Which athletes today wear protective helmets?How do the helmets vary or dierent sports?
Homer
Homer probably lived during the
eighth century BC. Images o himare all imaginary because he lived
long beore the Greeks made true
portraits. Yet the many portraitso him all look alike, emphasizing
his age and blindness. Well-educated
Romans were taught Greek at anearly age so that they could read
the classics. Sometimes they evenspoke Greek, rather than Latin,
to each other.
The Legacy o Greece
For Romans, part o the allure
o the Bay o Naples was its richGreek heritage. Greeks colonized
the region as early as the eighthcentury BC and ounded Neapolis
(modern Naples) around 600 BC.
Ater the Romans conqueredGreece, they became captivated
by Greek art and culture. Romans
revered classical Greece as a reposi-tory o culture, wisdom, and beauty,
and they adorned their houses and
gardens with works o art thatreerred to this legacy.
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Alexander MosaicThe mosaic reproduced on the
foor came rom an opulent house
in Pompeii. Large sections weremissing when it was discovered in
1831, but they have been lled in
here to suggest the mosaics origi-nal appearance.
Alexander the Great
The Romans were interested in
Greek rulers, too especiallyAlexander the Great, who took
his armies all the way to India inthe ourth century BC. It was the
greatest conquest the world had
ever seen.Alexander hired the most
amous artists o his day to make
images o him. The likenesses theymade o him were copied many
times overso we have no trou-
ble today recognizing Alexanderswaving hair, swept up like a lions
mane, and his eyes, burning with
intensity. We know a lot about hishorse Bucephalus, too. Only young
Alexander could tame him.
Greek Legacy: History
Find the bronze statuette o Alexander the Great on horseback.
Pretend that you are in Alexanders place. Look closely at this
sculpture. Use your eyes and your imagination to complete the
ollowing sentences rom his point o view:
My horse is .
I wonder .
Why did I ?
What will happen i ?
Find the Alexander Mosaic, reproduced on the foor o th is room.
Compare it with the sculpture: How are these images o Alexander
similar, and how are they dierent?
Connect to the present
Discuss: Which historical gures do you admire? Why?What moment in their lie would you choose to representin a work o art?
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Marble SculptureWhen you imagine a work o ancient
sculpture, chances are you see pure
white marble. But in act, mostmarble sculpture rom Greece and
Rome was brightly painted. So was
the carved decoration on buildings.
Most o the paint has long sinceaded away. But i you look closelyat many sculptures, you can still see
traces o paint.
The Lure o Greek Art
For wealthy Roman collectors,
ownership o Greek art was a marko sophistication. Some bought
antique sculptures rom Greece.
Romans also created new art, suchas these sculptures o Artemis and
Aphrodite, that evoked the styles
o Greek masterpieces.
Greek Legacy: Art
Find the statues o Artemis, goddess o the hunt, and Aphrodite,
goddess o love.
Examine each sculpture careully. Next, describe the hairstyle,
the acial expression (eyes and mouth), the pose, and how the
drapery is arranged.
hairstyle
eyes
mouth
pose
drapery
Think about What is similar about these two statues and
what is dierent?
Decide Which sculpture do you like best? Why?
Connect to the present
Discover: Romans were inspired by Greek art. Which workso art rom the past inspire you?
a r t e m i s a p h r o di t e
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Artemis
Aphrodite
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August 24 25, AD 79
Mount Vesuvius erupted aroundnoon on August 24 in AD 79.
A series o tremors had shaken
the region our days earlier, andwells and springs had gone dry.
The Romans thought that Vesuvius
was extinct: it had not eruptedor seven hundred years.
A twelve-mile-high column
o ash and rock rose into the sky,turning night into day and setting
o electrical storms. The wind
was blowing toward Pompeii,Herculaneum, and Stabiae. Other
areas were spared the worst. InPompeii, as the giant cloud col-
lapsed, ash, pumice, and rock ell
through the day, lightly at rst.Many people fed pillows tied to
their heads as the debris began
to pile up in streets and collapseroos. Around midnight, pyroclastic
surges o poison gas and ash blew
down the mountain at speeds o
ty miles an hour or more. On oneside o the volcano, Herculaneumwas overwhelmed with a fow o
volcanic mud some seventy eet
thick. Surges raced toward Pompeiias well, and early on August 25, they
overtopped the city walls. Everyone
still in town was killed instantly.Fine ash continued to all. When
the eruption was nally over late
that day, probably only the tops othe tallest buildings in Pompeii
remained visible and Hercula-neum had disappeared.
peaceul
mysteriouswelcoming
lonely
eerie
wild
darkrightening
exciting
relaxing
ery
warm
cool
dusty
quiet
noisy
powerul
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Eruption
Find the painting Vesuvius from Portici, by Joseph Wright. Thispainting was made about years ater Pompeii was destroyed
by the eruption o Mount Vesuvius. The volcano erupted oten in
the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries though not as violently.
Artists had to imagine how it would have looked that day in ad.
Circle the words below that you think describe the scene in
this painting:
Connect to the present
Remember: Can you think o any natural disasters that haveoccurred in your lietime?
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Discovery
The towns and villas in the immedi-
ate shadow o the volcano were allbut orgotten. Farmers returned to
the land made even more ertile
by the volcanic deposits and theyplanted grapes and other crops.
Only a hint o the past was con-tained in a local name or the area:
La Civit, the city.
Systematic excavations began atHerculaneum in 1738 and at Pompeii
in 1748. News o the discoveries
spread rapidly throughout Europe.
Touring Pompeii
Findthe painting The Forum at Pompeii with Vesuvius in the Background,
by ChristenKbke. Ater the buried ruins were discovered in the
eighteenth century, Pompeii became one o Europes most popular
tourist attractions. Artists came to see the ancient cities that had
been uncovered, and they made paintings (and later photographs)
or tourists to buy as mementos. Mount Vesuvius in the distance was
a constant reminder o the event that led to Pompeiis destruction.
Imagine that you are a visitor to this place.
What clues tell you where a building once stood?
What kinds o things might you discover as you explored these ruins?
What parts o this scene are you most curious about?
Connect to the present
Choose: Select our objects rom your lie that you would like toplace in a time capsule. I people two thousand years rom nowopened the capsule, what would they learn about your lie romthese objects?
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snake bracelet
birdbath
lamp stand
marble table
silver bowl
Pompeii around You
The excavations around the Bay oNaples had a proound impact on
the tastes and styles o Europeans
and Americans in the eighteenthand nineteenth centuries: neo-
classical ashions appeared and
reappeared in dress, jewelry,tableware, and other decorative
arts. The look o Pompeian paint-ings ound its way into the interiors
o homes and public buildings,
even into some rooms in theUnited States Capitol in Wash-
ington. Roman and Greek styles
dominate this city just visit theNational Gallerys West Building
to see examples.
Recreating the Past
Find the paintingA Sculpture Ga ller y, by Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema.Here past and present come together in a antasy scene. The people
in this painting are the artists amily members, posing as ancient
Romans. They are gathered amid a collection o Greek and Roman
works, unearthed in excavations.
Wonder Why might the artist have wanted to combine elementsrom the past and present in one painting?
Find the objects labeled in the painting in this room.
Remember Which parts o the painting remind you o things you
saw earlier in the exhibition?
Connect to the present
Investigate: How is your world architecture, ashion,government infuenced by the ancient Romans?
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Classical Kids: An Activity
Guide to Lie in Ancient
Greece and Rome
By Laurie Carlson
Ages 5 and up
Pompeii: Lost and Found
By Mary Pope Osborne
Ages 5 and up
Ancient Rome
Eyewitness Workbooks
Ages 7 and up
Pompeii: The Day a City
Was Buried
By Melanie and
Christopher Rice
(DKDiscoveries)
Ages 7 and up
Pompeii (Through Time)
By Richard Platt
Ages 7 and up
Pompeii
By Karen Ball
(Usborne Young Reading)
Ages 7 and up
PompeiiBuried AliveBy Edith Kunhardt Davis
Ages 7 and up
The Pompeii Pop-Up
By Peter Riley
Ages 7 and up
Lie and Times in
Ancient Rome
Kingfsher Publications
Ages 7 and up
Find Out About:
The Roman Empire
By Philip Steele
Ages 9 and up
Pompeii (Roman World)
By Peter Connolly
Ages 9 and up
Pompeii: Unearthing
Ancient Worlds
By Liz Sonneborn
Ages 9 and up
Bodies rom the Ash:
Lie and Death in
Ancient Pompeii
By James M. Deem
Ages 12 and up
captions
The works o art
rom Italian collec-
tions were lent
to the exhibition
under the authoriza-
tion o the Sopr in-
tendenz a Speciale
per i Beni Archeo-
logici di Napoli e
Pompei
cover View across
Bay o Naples rom
hillside site o so-
called Tomb o Virgil,with umbrella pine in
oreground c. 1900,
postcard (detail),
Collection Carol
Mattusch
back Garden (detail),
1st centuryBC 1st
centuryAD, resco,
House o Marine
Venus, Pompeii,
photograph
Luciano Pedicini
1 4 Jules-Lon
Chiot, Plan of
the House of the
Centenary(details),
1903, watercolor
and gouache, Ecole
Nationale Suprieure
des Beaux-Arts, Paris
5 Cave Canem
mosaic in situ, romPompei, pitture e
mosaici (Milan, 1993)
6Augustus (detail)
1st centuryBC 1st
centuryAD, marble,
The Walters Art
Museum, Baltimore,
Maryland
7 Seaside villa, 1st
centuryBC 1st
centuryAD, resco,
Museo Archeologico
Nazionale di Napoli
8 Double-spouted
lamp (detail),1st centuryBC 1st
centuryAD, bronze,
Ufcio Scavi, Pompei
9 Two table supports
(detail), 1st century
AD, marble, Ufcio
Scavi, Pompei
10 Kantharos
entwined with olive
branches (detail),
mid-1st centuryBC ,
silver, Museo Archeo-
logico Nazionale
di Napoli
11 Writing imple-
ments (detail), 1st
centuryBC 1st
centuryAD, resco,
Museo ArcheologicoNazionale di Napoli
12 Bracelet in form
of serpent(detail),
1st centuryBC 1st
centuryAD, gold,
Museo Archeologico
Nazionale di Napoli
13 Still life with
seafood(detail),
1st centuryBC 1st
centuryAD, resco,
Museo Archeologico
Nazionale di Napoli
14 16, 18 Boar
attacked by dogs
(two details), Snake
(detail), Lion (detail),
1st centuryBC 1st
centuryAD, bronze,
Museo Archeologico
Nazionale di Napoli
17 Peacock on a
garden fence (detail),
1st centuryBC 1st
centuryAD, resco,
Museo Archeologico
Nazionale di Napoli
19 Dionysos, 1st cen-
turyBC 1st century
AD, marble, Museo
Archeologico Nazio-
nale di Napoli
20Apollo with t he
muses Clio and
Euterpe (detail),
1st centuryAD,
resco, Ufcio Scavi,
Pompei
21 Garden scene(detail), 1st century
BC 1st centur yAD,
resco, Ufcio Scavi,
Pompei
22 Platos Academy
(detail), 1st century
BC 1st centur yAD,
mosaic, Museo
Archeologico Nazio-
nale di Napoli
23 Thracian gladia-
tors helmet(detail),
1st centuryBC 1st
centuryAD, bronze,
Museo Archeologico
Nazionale di Napoli
24 Homer,1st cen-
turyBC 1st centur y
AD,marble, On loan
rom The British
Museum, London
25Alexander the
Great on horseback(detail), 1st century
BC 1st centur yAD,
bronze, Museo
Archeologico Nazio-
nale di Napoli
26 Photographic
reconstruction o
the Alexander Mosaic,
original, Museo
Archeologico Nazio-
nale di Napoli
27Artemi s (Diana)
(detail), 1st century
BC 1st centur yAD,
Pentelic marble,
Museo Archeologico
Nazionale di Napoli
28Aphrodit e (Syon
House/Munich ty pe)(detail), probably
early 1st centuryAD,
Pentelic marble,
Museo Archeologico
dei Campi Flegrei, Baia
These books about Roman culture and Pompeii can beound at your local library or bookstore.
29 Joseph Wright
(Briti sh, 1734 1797),
Vesuvius from Portici
(detail), c. 1774 1776,
oil on canvas, The
Huntington Library,
Art Collections, and
Botanical Gardens;
Acquired with unds
rom the Frances
Crandall Dyke
Bequest
30 Christen Kbke
(Danish, 1810 1848),The Forum at Pompeii
with Vesuvius in the
Background(detail),
1841, oil on canvas,
The J. Paul Getty
Museum, Los Angeles
31 Sir Lawrence
Alma-Tadema
(Briti sh, 1836 1912),A Sculpture Ga llery
(detail), 1874,
oil on canvas,
Hood Museum o
Art, Dartmouth
College, Hanover,
New Hampshire.
Git o Arthur M.
Loew, Class o 1921A
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Pompeii and the Roman Villa :Ar t and Cu lture a round
the Bay of Naples is organized by the National Gallery
o Art, Washington, in association with the Los Angeles
County Museum o Art , with the cooperation o the
Direzione Regionale per i Beni Culturali e Paesaggist ici
della Campania and the Soprintendenza Speciale per i
Beni Archeologici di Napoli e Pompei.
The exhibition in Washington is made possible by
The Exhibition Circle o the National Gallery o Art .
It is also made possible by Mr. and Mrs. Joe L.
Allbritton.
Bank o America is proud to be the national sponsor.
The exhibition in Washington is also supported
by The Charles Engelhard Foundation and by
Mary and Michael Jaharis.
Additional unding or the exhibition in Washington is
provided by the John J. Medveckis Foundat ion and the
Malcolm Hewitt Wiener Foundation.
The exhibition is supported by an indemnity rom the
Federal Council on the Arts and the Humanities.
2008, Trustees o the National Gallery o Art,
Washington. Produced by the division o education
and the publishing ofce, National Gallery o Art.