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Population Geography I
The Where and Why of Population•Density •Distribution•Demographics (Characteristics)
•Dynamics
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Cultural Hearths of Civilization
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5000 BC
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Year 1
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1500
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1900
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World Population
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World Population Cartogram
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Population by continents
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Density of World Population
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Blackout of 2003
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Select Population Densities(people/mi2)
• Lower 48 states 94.7• NJ 1134• Lincoln Co., NV 0.4• Manhattan 66,834
• Wisconsin 98.8
• Eau Claire Co. 146• Florence Co. 10.4• Milwaukee Co. 3885
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Population Densities(people/mi2)
Canada 8Russia 22United States 80
Holland 1002Bangladesh
2261
Egypt
173 people/mi2
3% of area inhabited
Nile River
6000 people/mi2
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High density in Bangladesh
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Population Distribution in North America
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Trans-Siberian railroadsin eastern Russia
Omsk
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Demography: Population characteristics
• Ascribed characteristics
• Achieved characteristics
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Characteristics
• Ascribed– Gender– Race– Age
• Achieved– Education– Income– Occupation– Employment– Etc.
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Census:Count of population
and its characteristics
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Dynamics
Rate of Natural Increase (RNI)
Births - Deaths = RNI
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National population
Births - Deaths+ Immigration (in)- Emigration (out) = Population growth
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Population increase and decrease
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World Birth Rate(births per 1,000 population)
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Doubling Time
Number of yearsit will take for population to double, at current rate
United States: 117 years
Nicaragua: 21 years
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World Death Rate (deaths per 1,000 population)
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Epidemics (AIDS)
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Infant mortality rate(deaths of infants <1 year old)
Lack of maternal health care or child nutrition
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Philadelphia Infant MortalityRed area high thanat least 28 “ThirdWorld” countries, including:
JamaicaCubaCosta RicaMalaysiaPanamaSri LankaSouth KoreaTaiwanUruguayArgentinaChile
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Life Expectancy at Birth
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AGE DYNAMICS
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• Dependents are under 15 & over 65
• How many are supported by 15-65 group
• Problems?
Dependency Ratio
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• Low birth and death rates in Core
• Low population growth (except immigration)
• Steadily older population
“Graying of the Core”
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Comparison of U.S. eras
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Baby Bust (1965-1980)
Baby Boom (1946-1964)
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Baby Boom impacts yet to come
• Strain on Social Security
• Growing health care costs
• Challenge to youth identity (Gen. X)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
2000 2030
Millionsover 65in U.S.
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Population Pyramidtracks age-sex groups (cohorts)
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U.S. (slow growth)
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Tanzania, Africa (rapid growth)
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Denmark (zero growth)
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Germany (effect of wars)
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Japan (effect of war)
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China (One-child policy)
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Canada, 1971-2006
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Russia, 1990-2006
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Arabian Peninsula, 1980sLabor sending : Labor receiving
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Sun City (Arizona) retirement community
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Eau Claire County
5.7% 6.3%
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Grafton Co., N.H. (1970)Two years before Dartmouth went co-ed
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Different neighborhoods of Tucson
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Demographic Transition
Move from high birth and death ratesto low birth and death rates
Took centuries of developmentfor Core to make transition
More difficult for Peripheryto make transition without itsown capital, skills, education
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Demographic Transition
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Stages ofDemographic
Transition 1. Pre-Industrial Equilibrium (high birth/death rates)
2. Early Industrialization(better sanitation)
3. Developed industrialization (better health care)
4. Post-Industrial Equilibrium
(low birth/death rates)
1 2 3 4
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Demographic Transition in Denmark
Core (low birth/death rates)
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Demographic Transition in Chile
Semi-periphery
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Demographic Transition in Cape Verde, Africa
Periphery (high birth/death rates)
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POPULATION GROWTH
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Population growthin Periphery:
Cause or symptomof poverty and environmental degradation?
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Fertility Rate(# children per woman of childbearing age)
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Not confirmed in reality
Malthus Theory of “Overpopulation”
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Ehrlich Theory of “Population Bomb”
• Population growth would deplete resources– Can be true on local/national level
• Treats population as cause
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Core responsibility for Periphery growth
• Core consumes far more resources
• Demands cheap, unskilled young labor
• Population growth is a symptom of poverty
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Why parents in Periphery have kids
Better chance for one kid to survive
Bring in the crops and income
Help parents in old age
Women often lack power to not have kids
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Women’s empowerment:Contraception Rates
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Policies to lower birth rate
• Voluntary– Availability of birth control – Incentives for small families
• Forced– One-child policy (China)– Coercive “population control”
•Social–Empowerment of women–Better health care and education–End to child labor–Social security