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Post-Classical Era
600 C.E. - 1450 C.E.
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Muhammad and His Message• Muhammad ibn Abdullah was
born in Mecca to a wealthy merchant family in 570 C.E.
• He married a wealthy widow Khadija in 595 and worked as a merchant starting at age 30
• At age 40 he received a message from Allah, the one true god, who would bring judgment to the world Muhammad (570-632 C.E.)
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The Quran
• The Quran was a compilation of Muhammad’s revelations written down by his followers
• It would serve as the ultimate authority on the laws of Islam
• Other works, such as the hadith, included other quotes and deeds of Muhammad
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Shia vs. Sunni
• The Shia sect of Islam supported Ali and his descendants as the one true caliph
• The Sunni sect were known as the traditionalists and accepted the authority of the earliest caliphs
• The two sects separated– The Shia created holy days for
leaders and believed them to be infallibleShia patriarch Ali
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The Sui Dynasty (589-618)
• Chinese leader Yang Jian reunified China in 589 after 350 years of chaos following the Han dynasty collapse
• The new Sui dynasty had a distinct style– built palaces and granaries– military expeditions into central
Asia and Korea– High taxes and forced labor
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Tang Dynasty (618-907)
• The Tang dynasty started after the fall of the city of Chang’an
• Emperor Tang Taizong began his reign in 627 and ruled with an iron grip on power
• Although ruthless, his reign produced a time of prosperity and stability in government
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Tang Achievements• The Tang built a vast
transportation and communications network
• The equal-field system divided land up according to the people’s needs
• Government positions were filled according to highest scores on a civil service exam
• China viewed itself as the center of civilization and forced its neighbors to pay tributeEntertainment of the Tang royal
court
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The Song Dynasty (960-1279)
• Founded by Song Taizu in 960• The large government
bureaucracy and high salaries depleted the treasury
• The nomadic Khitan and Jurchen groups began creating problems in north and central China
• The Song government moved to the south and ruled China until 1279
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Nara Japan (710-794)
• Inspired by the Tang, one Japanese clan took authority over all Japan in 710
• They built a capital city at Nara modeled after the Chinese capital at Chang’an
• The Japanese adopted Confucianism and Buddhism but retained their Shinto traditions
One of Nara’s royal palaces
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Heian Japan (794-1185)
• Moved the capital to Kyoto in 794
• Japanese emperors were symbols of authority, not the true rulers of the nation
• Power was held in the hands of the Fujiwara family
• Chinese learning dominated Japanese education and politics
Art of the Heian period
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The Samurai
• The samurai class was a class of warriors and provincial lords
• They followed the Bushido code of loyalty, military talent, and discipline
• They often engaged in ritual suicide to preserve their honor
Traditional Samurai armor
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Social Organization in Sub-Africa
• Most societies were kin-based clans or tribes ruled by family based groups
• Groups of villages united to form districts
• Village chiefs were in charge of intervillage dealings
Modern chiefs in Ghana
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European Improvement in Agriculture
• Crop rotation and the growth of beans enriched the soil
• The increase in animal domestication also improved soil
• Numerous books and lectures were written on proper household economies and agricultural techniques
A typical feudal manor
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The Crusades
• Pope Urban II called on Christian knights to take the holy land in 1095
• A disorganized army led by Peter the Hermit fell failed
• The first crusade led by French and Norman nobles seized Jerusalem in 1099
• Jerusalem was recaptured by the Muslims in 1187
Christian attack on Ma’arra, Syria
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Later Crusades
• By the mid 1200s five major crusades had been launched
• The 4th Crusade (1202-1204) conquered Constantinople
• Overall, the crusades failed to take over Palestine from the Muslims
Crusaders enter Constantinople
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Aztec Upper Class
• The warrior elite held the upper class of the social hierarchy and held most of the wealth and privileges
• Women had no public role but were honored for being mothers and sometimes warriors
• Priests were also high ranking: read omens, presided over rituals, and some became rulersAztec warrior of the 15th century
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Aztec Lower Class
• Most Aztecs were farmers or slaves who worked to pay tribute or serve public works projects
• Many slaves worked as household servants
• Artisans and craftsmen were valued for their production of luxury items, but trade was risky
An Aztec slave market
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The Incas
• Originated near Lake Titicaca in the Andean highlands
• Under the reign of Pachacuti they launched attacks against neighboring tribes in 1438
• The Incas built a huge empire spanning spanning nearly 4,000 kilometers from north to south
Inca ruins at Muchu Picchu
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Inca Government and Military• Capital city of Cuzco was home
to nearly 300,000 people by the 1400s
• An extensive road system linked the entire empire
• Runners were used to maintain communication and spread the Quecha language
• The Inca ruled as a military and administrative elite
• Use quipo for record keeping
Inca ceremony at Cuzco, Peru