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Power and Fortune
The Birth of Modern Politics
Into the Early Modern Era
• Political and religious UPHEAVAL• CULTURAL RENAISSANCE• Urban PROSPERITY• Printing Communications revolution
– More freedom of ideas: HUMANISM• The VALUE of the INDIVIDUAL
– Growing literacy– Arts reflected NEW IDEAS
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Humanist Though
• Merged humanistideas with Christianity
• Focused reform of theChurch– Erasmus– Thomas More – Utopia
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Niccolo MACHIAVELLI
• 1469–1527• Native of FLORENCE• THE PRINCE
– Handbook to secureand maintain POWER
– Written ca. 1513– Published 1532
Medieval Florence
• 1115, Autonomous Commune• 1293, REPUBLIC
– Council of Guildsmen– Rule by MERCANTILE ELITE
• Ciompi Revolt, 1378– Factions and FAMILIES
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The MEDICI
• Bankers to the Pope• Rulers of Florence
(1434–1537)– Cosimo the Elder
(1389–1464)– Lorenzo I the
Magnificent (1449–92)
Botticelli’s Adoration of the Magi
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The Medici Popes
• Leo X (r. 1513–21)• Clement VII (r. 1523–34)
The REPUBLIC RESTORED
• 1494: SAVONAROLAled popular REVOLT– 1497: BONFIRE of the
VANITIES– 1498: Savonarola
executed• 1512: MEDICI regain
control
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Lorenzo di Piero de’Medici
• 1492–1519– Grandson of Lorenzo the
Magnificent– Nephew of Pope Leo X
• Ruler of Florence 1513–19– Duke of Urbino– Father of Catherine de Medici– Died of SYPHILIS
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THE PRINCE
• How power works in PRACTICE– Not why it exists or whether it should
• ADVICE to a prince:– How to acquire power– How to maintain power
• MACHIAVELLI separates the conceptsof POWER and ETHICS
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Politics and Ethics
• Aristotle defined politics as an extensionof ethics
• Politics understood in terms of:– Right and wrong– Just and unjust– Temperate and intemperate
Being a Successful Politician
• Use the truth if possible– LIE if necessary
• Use religion if necessary– Don’t let religion restrict your actions
• Maintain an IMAGE for truth & piety• Ensure your people FEAR you• Be careful with money
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Machiavelli’s World
• Where humans = SELFISH and RATIONAL• A VOLATILE place ruled by FORTUNE
– Fickle and unpredictable, like LADY– To be grabbed and controlled by:
• VIRTUS – STRENGH– Military strength, capability at war– Strength of will
• Brilliant, strategic calculation
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Machiavellian Humanism
• A single, strong-willed individual can– TRANSFORM himself– Bring ORDER from CHAOS
• AUTONOMY OF MAN– HUMAN WILL– no longer defined by what he gained or
didn’t from GOD but what he gains himself
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