Power Application SoftwarePower Application Software
UPDEA - Workshop UPDEA - Workshop
What are Power Application Tools?
Name as many of the Power Application Tools as you can
Power Application Software (1)– State Estimator (SE)– Operator Load Flow (OLF)– Optimal Power Flow (OPF)– Contingency Analysis (CA)– Short Circuit Analysis (SCA)– Automatic Generation Control (AGC) – Historical Information System (HIS)
Power Application Tools (2)
Power Application Software (2)– SCADA Topology Determination– Plausibility Check of Measurements– Power System Model Adaptation– Power System Security Analysis– Study Base Case Initialisation– Transient Stability Analysis (TSA)– Voltage Stability Analysis (VSA)– Available Transmission Capacity– Complete Model Estimator (CME)– Dynamic Security Assessment (DSA)– Dynamic Stability Analysis
PAS Applications
• The PAS subsystem consists of applications that support :– Real‑time and study mode network analysis– Determining the state of a power system network– Level of security, – How the security and economics of the network might be improved.
• The PAS applications run automatically using data originating from SCADA
• Study applications are run by the operator or planning engineers, to study the effects of changes in the power system.
• Study data can be initialized from a real‑time network solution, or from archive files.
PAS Tool Data flow• Where do the Power Application tools get their data?• What is data path from the substation to the PAS tools
LiveSCADA
Data
StateEstimator
Power Flow
Contingency Analysis
Short Circuit
Analysis
Power Application Software
Network connectivity
models
RTU
Host I/O
500280
PAS Applications
Control Staff WorkstationsHMI x 8 + 40
SCADA Data Base
AGC
AlarmProcessing
Export to Dispatcher
Training Simulator
Export data to
Corporate Users
Fire Wall
Rear Projection System
Power Application Software
State Estimator
Power Flow
SC
SecurityEnhancement
Voltage VAR Dispatch
Voltage Security
Transient Security
CA
Load Forecast
Real Time
SCADA
What are the two primary sub tasks of the State Estimator?
Real‑Time Network State Estimation ‑ (RTNET)
1. Performs topology processing
2. Estimation the network state
Includes busload forecast and transmission loss sensitivities calculation
State Estimation
Instantaneous SCADA values Bus kV, Line MWs and MVAr limit values exceeded
Estimated values based on Kirchoff’s and Ohm’s Laws
State Estimator
Avon
1
2
Mersy
160
160
400 kV 395 kV
Z = 100 ohms
300 MW
Loads at a bus = 0
• Produce valid topology and real time network solutions for all network apps.
• More reliable and more accurate than raw SCADA
When and how often will the State Estimator run?
State Estimation
Runs on a periodic basis, i.e.
• Usually every 5 minutes
• Each time a switching device such as a breaker or isolator changes state
1. What is the output of a State Estimator run ?
2. What is the output used for?
State Estimation
1. RTNET produces an Estimated State of the power system based on SCADA measurements using a least squares fit algorithm.
2. Once RTNET has run to completion the following applications can run:– Power Flow (PWRFLOW)– Optimal Power Flow (OPF)– Contingency Analysis (RTCA)– Dynamic Stability Analysis (VSAT / TSAT)– Voltage VAR Dispatch (VVD)– Short Circuit Analysis (RTSCT)– Security Enhancement Analysis (SENH)
1. What is the purpose of Study Power Flow?
Power Flow• Allows control staff and planners to study the steady-state operation of the
power network under hypothetical and postulated conditions
• Study how the power flows through the network before taking lines out for maintenance and what - if future scenarios
Generation Load
Gen Load
Avon
1
2
Mersy
150
150
400 kV 395 kV
Z = 100 ohms
300 MW300 MW
0
300
Error
Iterations
Power FlowThe solution is a MWs and Mvar balance of Load against Generation.
MW
Fixed
Instantaneous
System Load
MVAr
Load
MVAr
Load
MW
Solved System
Generation
Load
MW
Gen
MW
Gen
Mvar
Load
Mvar
1. How do control staff make changes Study Power Flow?2. How are the results of the study seen?
• Changes to the network topology can be made by changing the status of circuit breakers on one-line diagrams or tabular displays.
• Results of Power Flow analysis can be displayed either on one-line diagrams or in tabular form.
What PAS tool makes recommendations on how to optimise the grid?
Optimal Power Flow
Optimal Power flow ‑
• The primary purpose of optimal power is to provide control staff with network configuration recommendations that will eliminate or reduce violations and/or move the network to a more economical operating state.
• The primary function of OPF is to determine and present optimal, feasible device settings.
• These settings are calculated based on the network model, control model, objective function model, and operating limits.
• The presented control settings should correct (or, if not possible, reduce) any violations of operating limits and optimize the objective function while maintaining feasibility.
Contingency AnalysisContingency Analysis ‑
• Assesses the impact of potential changes in the network, such as equipment outages, on the state of the power system.
• The application runs in the real time and study environments.
Mersy
Gen Load 1
Avon
1
2
250
400 kV 397 kV
150 MW
200 450 MW
Load 3
300 MW
160 MW
395 kV
Rabbit
Load 2
140 MW
Illovo
400 kV Line OutagesAvon – Mersy1 MustrunAvon – Mersy MustrunMersy_Rabbit MustrunAvon_Illov MustrunIllovo_ Mersy Mustrun
400 kV Load OutagesMersy Load 1 MustrunRabbit Load 2 MustrunRabbit Load 3 Mustrun
Outage Scheduler • Outage Scheduler –
– The Outage Scheduler provides the capability to schedule equipment outages or derations.
– The outage schedules are used by the study applications to study system conditions at a particular time, taking into account the necessary topological or rating changes.
Security Enhancement
• Security Enhancement ‑
– A set of optimization algorithms that recommend operator actions for moving the system to the most secure and efficient operating point given the specified constraints. It includes Constrained Dispatch, Contingency Planning, and Preventive Action.
– The application runs in the real‑time and study environments.
Voltage‑Var DispatchVoltage‑Var Dispatch –– Runs as part of the real‑time sequence. – Recommends reactive/voltage control changes to minimize MW losses,
or to correct voltage violations.
Voltage‑Var Dispatch
• Voltage-Var Dispatch (VVD) is a real-time version of the study Optimal Power Flow application.
• It runs as part of the real-time network sequence, uses only reactive power and voltage controls, and is initialized from the results of the state estimator.
• If the state estimator found voltage violations, VVD will attempt to correct the violations with minimal reactive power control changes.
• If no voltage violations were found, then VVD will attempt to minimize MW losses using reactive power controls.
• Resulting control change recommendations are presented to the dispatcher as advisory recommendations.
Short Circuit Analysis• Short Circuit Analysis –
– Calculates short circuit currents that result from specified faults.
– The Short Circuit analysis program requires a set of fault definitions in the FAULTS database before execution can begin.
Study Network SequenceStudy Network Sequence ‑
– The Study Network Sequence is an integrated environment for in-depth studies.
– It includes Economic Dispatch, Power Flow, Optimal Power Flow, and Contingency Analysis functions that can run in sequence.
– The Study Network Sequence is initialized either from the real-time system, from other study mode functions, or from archive.
Online Dynamic Security
• VSAT– Voltage Security Assessment Tool
• TSAT– Transient Stability Assessment Tool
VSAT Purpose
• VSAT is a tool to assess power system voltage stability • It allows the user to specify multiple scenarios on the network to analyze • Inputs are power flow data, contingency definitions, security limits, transfer
definitions.• The outputs are MW transfer limits, critical contingencies, PV curves
VSAT Features
• Part of an automatic run sequence to cater for changing loads• High speed analysis on a dedicated server • Event driven such as change of system state (equipment failure, generator
redispatch)• Manual such as on instruction from an operator• Transfer limit or base-case security analysis using the following criteria:
– Voltage stability margin– Voltage decline– Reactive power reserves– Thermal overloads
TSAT Purpose• TSAT is a tool to assess power system transient stability • It allows full time-domain simulations of large, complex power systems• Inputs
– Powerflow data– Contingency definitions– Transfer definitions– Security criteria– Analysis and solution options
• Outputs– Transient stability index– Damping Index– Voltage duration index– Frequency duration index– Relay margin index
TSAT Features
• Quick screening of contingencies, in order to minimize number of contingencies to be analyzed in detail
• Security analysis using the following criteria:– Transient stability– Damping– Transient voltage– Transient frequency– Relay margins
VSAT and TSAT Uses
• Helping the operator in deciding whether or not to run a power station in Emergency Level 1 due to its impact on the transfer limit
• Deciding on the next worst contingency that could lead to a voltage collapse during an outage and the amount of load that must be shed to mitigate this after implementation of all remedial measures.
• Determining safe generation limits due to an outage of a line at a power station
State Estimator ProblemOn Load – caring MWs and Mvars
Off Load – caring Mars only
Problem:• Due to the way in which the topology model is evaluated, the line was seen
to be in service • It was carrying Mvars only and thus deemed to be in service even though
the breaker was open.• Lesson – add logic that can differentiate between open lines and Mvar only
states
TurbineTurbine
Steam flow
Normal speed is50 revolutionsa second (+/-)
GENGEN49.875
Power sent to Transmission
Auto/Man
Set point
550
600
580High
Low
ControlPlate
Unit Control System
Dead BandsHz : 49.85 – 50.15ACE : +/- 70
Spinning :1000 MW10 minute : 500 MW
Steam flow valve
Principles of Automatic Generation Control
TEMSE AGC
HV yardERTUCPU
12 v
Memory
Instantaneous Output & Hz readings
Error = Desired - Instantaneous
AGCERTUCPU
12 v
Memory
New set point target sent to Generator
Questions