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http://www.duluthnewstribune.com/event/article/id/172260/publisher_ID/36/
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http://www.duluthnewstribune.com/event/article/id/172260/publisher_ID/36/
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http://www.duluthnewstribune.com/event/article/id/172260/publisher_ID/36/
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http://www.duluthnewstribune.com/event/article/id/172260/publisher_ID/36/
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http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2010-01/cmu-cms011210.php
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http://www.d.umn.edu/cla/faculty/troufs/anth4616/cpweek01.html#title
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www.duluthnewstribune.com/articles/index.cfm?id=64263§ion=Opinion
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www.duluthnewstribune.com/articles/index.cfm?id=64263§ion=Opinion
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www.duluthnewstribune.com/articles/index.cfm?id=64263§ion=Opinion
“If They're Lost, Who Are We?”
David Treuer Washington Post, Sunday, April 6, 2008
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Communication
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fI yuo cna raed tihs, yuo hvae a sgtrane mnid too.
Cna yuo raed tihs? Olny 55 plepoe out of 100 can.
i cdnuolt blveiee taht I cluod aulaclty uesdnatnrd waht
I was rdanieg. The phaonmneal pweor of the hmuan
mnid, aoccdrnig to a rscheearch at Cmabrigde
Uinervtisy, it dseno't mtaetr in waht oerdr the ltteres
in a wrod are, the olny iproamtnt tihng is taht the frsit
and lsat ltteer be in the rghit pclae. The rset can be a
taotl mses and you can sitll raed it whotuit a pboerlm.
Tihs is bcuseae the huamn mnid deos not raed ervey
lteter by istlef, but the wrod as a wlohe. Azanmig huh?
yaeh and I awlyas tghuhot slpeling was ipmorantt! if
you can raed tihs forwrad it.
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• Synchronic (structural) linguistics
• Diachronic (historical) linguistics
• Sociolinguistics / Psycholinguistics
• Kinesics / Proxemics
Communication
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• Synchronic (structural) linguistics
• Synchronic (functional) linguistics
• Diachronic (historical) linguistics
• Sociolinguistics / Psycholinguistics
• Kinesics / Proxemics
Communication
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Ken Livingston, mayor of London England, indicated that there were over 300 languages spoken in London.
(Following the terrorist attack of July 2005).
Communication
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There are approximately 200 nations in the world
• 193 according to The Times World
Atlas (2004)
(Understanding Global Cultures)
+ Kosovo (2008)
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• Synchronic (structural) linguistics
– “How is language structured?”
– “How does language work?”
(function / functional analysis)
Linguistics
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• Diachronic (historical) linguistics
– “How did language get that way?
– “How does language change?
Linguistics
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• Sociolinguistics / Psycholinguistics
– “How does language fit into society?”
– “How does language work in the mind?” • How does language relate to one’s though
pattern?
• How does language relate to one’s personality?
Linguistics
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• Sociolinguistics / Psycholinguistics
– “How does language fit into society?”
Linguistics
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor_wat
“The Cambodians have some two hundred ways of describing
rice of various kinds and at different stages of growth and
preparation.
Pym, Christopher. The Ancient Civilization of Angkor. NY: The New American Library, 1968, p. 66.
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www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/07/12/AR2008071201630.html
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• Kenisics / Proxemics
– “body language”
Communication
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Communication
– Synchronic (structural) Linguistics
•Phonemics
•Phonetics
•Morphemics
•Syntax
•Semantics
– Diachronic (historical) linguistics
– Sociolinguistics / Psycholinguistics
– Kinesics / Proxemics
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• Phonemics (phonology)
– the study of basic sound units
– phoneme = the smallest sound unit of a language
– rarely are there more than 45 or 50
Synchronic (structural) linguistics
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• Phonetics
– the analysis of phonemes, the
basic sound units
Synchronic (structural) linguistics
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• Morphemics
– the study of the basic units of
language structure
Synchronic (structural) linguistics
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• free morphemes
– can stand alone
• work
• run
Synchronic (structural) linguistics
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• bound morphemes
– can not stand alone
• -er
• -ing
• -s
Synchronic (structural) linguistics
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teach - er
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teach - er
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teach - er
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hauta – la
“grave” – “place” University of Minnesota Press, 2010
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• Syntax
– the arrangement of elements in
phrases and sentences
•Cogito ergo sum
Synchronic (structural) linguistics
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• Syntax
– English has a fairly ridged
structure
• “John and Mary went to the
movies.”
•* “John went to the movies to Mary and.”
Synchronic (structural) linguistics
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• Syntax
– When a language is more
dependent on morphology, syntax may relax
•e.g., Canis ursum videt
(the dog sees the bear)
can be in any position
Synchronic (structural) linguistics
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• Syntax
– When a language is more
dependent on morphology, syntax may relax
•e.g., Timeus ursum videt
(Tim sees the bear)
can be in any position
Synchronic (structural) linguistics
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• Syntax
– When a language is more
dependent on morphology, syntax may relax
•e.g., Canis ursum videt
(the dog sees the bear)
can be in any position
Synchronic (structural) linguistics
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(14 August 2006)
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(02 August 2007)
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• Semantics
– the study of meaning
– is the most difficult aspect to investigate
• psycholinguistics
Synchronic (structural) linguistics
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• Semantics – meanings are not as fixed as syntax
and morphemes
CONTEXT is often critical in understanding meaning
Just as CONTEXT is sometimes critical in understanding vision and other things
– close-up of monastery tiles
– image in the mirror
– close-up of crab dish on buffet table
– . . .
Synchronic (structural) linguistics
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• Semantics
– meanings are not as fixed as syntax and morphemes
• “head” of state
• “head” of person
• “head” of a nail
• “head” of a street
• “head” of a class
• “head” of a glass of beer
• “let’s ‘head’ out of here”
• “head” for sailors
Synchronic (structural) linguistics
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• Semantics
– More non-head “heads”
• “Let’s ‘head’ north.”
• “Head” strong
• “’Heads’ up the boss is arriving!”
• “Headway”
•Newspaper “Heading” and “Headline”
Synchronic (structural) linguistics
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• Semantics
– More non-head “heads”
• “Heading” south by southeast
• “Head” of the family
• “Head” start
• “’Head’ ‘em out.”
• “Headwind”
• “’Head’ ‘em off at the pass!”
Synchronic (structural) linguistics
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• Semantics
– More non-head “heads”
• “Heading”
• “Head” a committee
• “Tiger Woods is ’ahead’”
• “Headlight”
• “Head Light”
Synchronic (structural) linguistics
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• Semantics
– More non-head “heads”
• “Headquarters”
• A quarter’s “head”
• “The pimple came to a ‘head.’”
Synchronic (structural) linguistics
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• Semantics
– More non-head “heads”
•A “doubleheader”
• “Headlong”
• “Headliner” (show biz)
• “Head liner” (automobile)
Synchronic (structural) linguistics
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• Semantics
– More non-head “heads”
• “Headhunter” (a job)
• “Head” hunter (does a job)
• “Head” hunter (“chief”)
•Getting “ahead”
•Getting a “head”
Synchronic (structural) linguistics
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• Semantics
– More non-head “heads”
• “Headhunter” (a job)
• “Head” hunter (does a job)
• “Head” hunter (“chief”)
• Getting “ahead”
• Getting a “head”
The head headhunter
got ahead to get a head.
Synchronic (structural) linguistics
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• Diachronic (historical) linguistics
– the study of language across time
– the study of language change using formal methods that compare shifts over time and across space in formal aspects of language such as phonetics, grammar, and semantics
Linguistics
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• Meanings Change
– Narrowing
– Widening
– Degeneration
– Elevation
– Metaphor
Diachronic (Historical) Linguistics
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Diachronic (Historical) Linguistics
• Narrowing -- the meaning of a
form becomes more restricted in scope • meat from Old English mete (food)
• garage from a French word denoting any
storage place
• deer from Old English dëor (beast)
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Diachronic (Historical) Linguistics
• Narrowing -- the meaning of a
form becomes more restricted in scope • meat from Old English mete (food)
• garage from a French word denoting any
storage place
• deer from Old English dëor (beast)
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Diachronic (Historical) Linguistics
• Widening -- the meaning is
enlarged • barn from Old English bern (a storage place
for barley)
• brand names •Victrola •Frigidaire •Xerox •Google (verb) •Photoshop (verb)
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www.parade.com/articles/editions/2008/edition_03-30-2008/Ask_Marilyn
Do you know of a term that denotes the passing of a
trademarked word, like zipper, into common usage?
—Robert Schwartz, Lexington, Mass.
An “eponym” is a proper name used generically.
In the past, eponyms usually came from the names of people.
Now they include once-trademarked names of brands, such as
“aspirin” “escalator” and “thermos.”
Readers may be surprised to learn that the following are
active trademarks and not generic: Dumpster, Frisbee, Jeep,
Kleenex, Ping-Pong, Popsicle and Windbreaker. (30 March 2008)
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Diachronic (Historical) Linguistics
• Degeneration -- a form takes an
unfavorable meaning, or one which is improper or obscene • knave from Old English cnafa
("boy, servant")
•madam (keeper of brothel) from
honorific madam
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Diachronic (Historical) Linguistics
• Elevation -- the meaning of a
form rises in the social scale, losing an earlier significance
• knight from Old English cniht
(“servant, young disciple")
•marshal from an older French word meaning "a caretaker of horses (mares)"
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www.duluthnewstribune.com/articles/index.cfm?id=69297§ion=News
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Diachronic (Historical) Linguistics
• metaphor-- an earlier
metaphorical or marginal meaning becomes nuclear
• pen from Latin penna (feather)
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• Sociolinguistics
– approach that says that culture and society and a person’s social position determine the content and form of language
– a field of study devoted to revealing such social effects on language
Linguistics
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A B C N Z
Smithwick “Smíth-wick” (Duluth)
“Smidt-whick” (Galway, Ireland)
“Sméddik”
(Birmingham, England)
“Smǽrik”
(Smithwick , England)
Parallel from Linguistics
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A B C N
Z A
Z
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Letizia Colajanni and
Cosimo Vassallo
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gullah
The Gullah region once extended from SE North Carolina to NE Florida.
http://www.islandpacket.com/
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http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/tv_and_radio/3862991.stm
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"HF2652, filed today by Rep. Steve
Drazkowski, R-Greenfield
Township . . . designates English
as the official language of
Minnesota,
whose state motto is
'L’etoile du Nord.'“ -- JB Anderson
13 February 2008
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Duluth News Tribune, Sunday, July 21, 2002, pp. 1C, 2C
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www.bartleby.com/68/30/6630.html
Question:
What is the plural
of “y’all”
in the Texas hill country?
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• Kinesics / Proxemics
Communication
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• Kenisics / Proxemics
– “body language”
•motion and gestures
Communication
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• Kinesics
– the study of communication
that occurs through body movements, positions, and facial expressions
Communication
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• Kenisics / Proxemics
– “body language”
•using personal space
Communication
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• Proxemics
– the study of communication
that occurs through spatial behavior
Communication
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• Phonemics (phonology)
– the study of basic sound units
Synchronic (structural) linguistics
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• Phonemics (phonology)
– phone = “sound”
• telephone
•megaphone
Synchronic (structural) linguistics
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• Phonemics (phonology)
– there are classes of sounds
• stopped
• nazalized
• continued (“sibilate”)
• Trilled
• clicks
Synchronic (structural) linguistics
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• Phonemics (phonology)
– some languages have only a few
basic sounds • e.g., Hawaiian
– others have many more • e.g., Kwakiutl
– rarely are there more than 45 or 50
Synchronic (structural) linguistics
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• Phonemics (phonology)
– sounds in language follow a
pattern
• Tzotzil : Tzeltal
•Bangu : Ngbatu
• click sounds: !Kung
• ? in Anishinabe (Chippewa)
Synchronic (structural) linguistics
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• Phonemics (phonology)
– sounds are conventionally
divided into vowels and consonants
– no language uses all of the possible phonemes
Synchronic (structural) linguistics
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• “minimal pair”
– two “utterances” (words) that
differ in only one sound
•pit / bit – unvoiced / voiced
• these / those – unvoiced / voiced
Synchronic (structural) linguistics
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Communication
– Synchronic (structural) Linguistics
•Phonemics
•Phonetics
•Morphemics
•Syntax
•Semantics
– Diachronic (historical) linguistics
– Sociolinguistics / Psycholinguistics
– Kinesics / Proxemics
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Communication
– Synchronic (structural) Linguistics
•Phonemics
•Phonetics
•Morphemics
•Syntax
•Semantics
– Diachronic (historical) linguistics
– Sociolinguistics / Psycholinguistics
– Kinesics / Proxemics
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• Semantics – meanings are not as fixed as syntax
and morphemes
• “head” of state
• “head” of person
• “head” of a nail
• “head” of a street
• “head” of a class
• “head” of a glass of beer
• “let’s ‘head’ out of here”
• “head” for sailors
Synchronic (structural) linguistics
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• Semantics – meanings are not as fixed as syntax
and morphemes CONTEXT is often critical in understanding
meaning
Just as CONTEXT is sometimes critical in understanding vision and other things
– image in the mirror
– close-up of monastery tiles
– close-up of crab dish on buffet table
– …
Synchronic (structural) linguistics
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• Synchronic (structural) linguistics
• Diachronic (historical) linguistics
• Kinesics / Proxemics
• Sociolinguistics / Psycholinguistics
Communication
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• Synchronic (structural) linguistics
• Synchronic (functional) linguistics
• Diachronic (historical) linguistics
• Sociolinguistics / Psycholinguistics
• Semantics (meaning)
• Kinesics / Proxemics
Communication