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BIOLOGY 3404FEVOLUTION OF PLANTS
Fall 2008
Lecture 18Tuesday November 25, 2008
Monocots
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Phylum Magnoliophyta, Class Liliopsida
• Order Acorales - Sweet Flag• Order Alismatales - Water Plantain, etc.• Order Dioscoreales - Yams and relatives• Order Liliales - Lilies and relatives• Order Asparagales - Asparagus and relatives• Order Arecales - Palms• Order Commelinales - Spiderwort , etc.• Order Zingiberales - Gingers, bananas etc. • Order Poales - Graminoids and bromeliads
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PoalesDasypogonaceaeZingiberalesCommelinalesArecalesAsparagalesLilialesPandanalesDioscorealesPetrosavialesAlismatalesAcoralesChase, 2004AmJBot 91:1645-1655
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Acorales: Acoraceae, Sweet Flag
http://caliban.mpiz-koeln.mpg.de/~stueber/thome/band1/tafel_042_small.jpg
Rhizomes of Sweet Flag have been used as food and medicine around the northern hemisphere. They are said to have a pungent and bitter taste, perhaps why they were sometimes candied. Chewing on a fresh piece of rhizome (preferably with the mud washed off) is said to be good for relieving toothaches or for teething children; also for relieving tiredness among trappers (the northern version of coca leaves). Not recommended by the FDA.
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Order Alismatales
• Families• Alismataceae - water plantains• Araceae - aroids (includes Lemnaceae – the
duckweeds)• Hydrocharitaceae - various “waterweeds”• Potamogetonaceae - pondweeds• Zosteraceae - eelgrass
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Alismataceae
http://biology.smsu.edu/Herbarium/Plants
Saggitaria (arrowhead lilies, left) and Alisma (water plantains, below) are common aquatic plants
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Araceae, the Aroids
Anthurium (left) and Arisaema (Jack-in-the-pulpit, right) are classic aroids, with spathe and spadix inflorescences
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Duckweeds: Lemna and Wolffia (Araceae, formerly Lemnaceae)
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Wolffia borealis flower (Araceae, formerly Lemnaceae)
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Flowering plant of Lemna gibba (Araceae, formerly Lemnaceae)
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Valisneria, or freshwater eel grass (Hydrocharitaceae)
Hydrocharitaceae - various “waterweeds”
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Elodea (top left, a common aquarium plant) is a monocot and member of the Hydrocharitaceae, but Myriophyllum (top right) and Ranunculus aquatilis (lower) are both eudicots – all adapted for life in water.
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Potamogetonaceae - pondweeds
http://www.mikrojezioro.met.pl/atlas_ros/original/potamogeton_natans_rys.jpg
Pondweeds may have broad floating or emergent leaves, and grass-like or filamentous submerged leaves; flowers are inconspicuous.
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Zosteraceae – eel grasses
Eel grass (Zostera marina) is an important food of many marine animals, including brant geese; flowers are rarely seen and very inconspicuous at the base of the leaves.
http://www.eeb.uconn.edu
www.nature.shetland.co.uk/ brc/seawatch.htm
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Order Dioscoreales: Dioscoreaceae - Yams
Progesterone (birth-control) pills and cortisone are manufactured from cultivated yams (Dioscorea)
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Order Liliales
• Families• Liliaceae• Smilacaceae• Trilliaceae
Zygadenus (Liliaceae)
Smilax, known as greenbriers
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Order Asparagales
Alliaceae (inclAmaryllidaceae)
Asparagaceae(incl Agavaceae)
IridaceaeOrchidaceae
Yucca and Asparagus (Asparagaceae)
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Alliaceae - onions and Amaryllis
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Iridaceae
http://www.frogsonice.com/photos/flowers2/iris.jpg
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Orchidaceae – the orchids
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Pollinating an orchid can be dangerous!
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Order Arecales:Arecaceae (Palmae) - the palms
Coconut, oil palm, palm nuts (pejibaye), palm hearts, …
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Order Commelinales
• Commelinaceae - spiderworts• Pontederiaceae - pickerelweeds
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Order Poales - graminoids, bromeliads and relatives
Families• Bromeliaceae - bromeliads• Cyperaceae - sedges• Eriocaulaceae• Juncaceae - rushes• Poaceae (= Gramineae) - grasses• Typhaceae (incl. Sparganiaceae) - bullrushes• Xyridaceae
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Bromeliaceae - bromeliads
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Cyperaceae, Typhaceae
Carex, a sedge Typha, cat-tail or bullrush
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Poaceae (= Gramineae) - grasses
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Order Zingiberales
• Heliconiaceae - heliconias• Marantaceae - marantas• Musaceae - bananas• Zingiberaceae - gingers
Heliconia
http://floredumonde.online.fr/photos/heliconia.jpg
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Maranta, MarantaceaeA ginger
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Musa, the banana
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Importance• Economic: HUGE! List some of the major monocot
crops. What other products, other than food, do we obtain from monocots?
• Ecological: HUGE! Grasses, and in cooler, wetter areas sedges, form the dominant vegetation over large areas of the globe.
• Evolutionary: Second and fifth largest (in number of species) flowering plant families: Orchidaceae (20k) and Poaceae (9k). Tremendous diversity and huge impact on evolution of other groups organisms, from microbes to vertebrates.