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Practical Cradle to Grave Solutions for Sustainable Shipping Ken Harford, P.Eng.
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Presentation Outline • Brief history - Robert Allan Ltd. • Naval Architecture Fundamentals • Regulations vs Ship Design • Practical Solutions Summary
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Company History
• Canada’s most senior firm of Naval Architects • Founded in 1930 in Vancouver
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Company History
• Three Generations of Family Ownership: - Robert Allan (Robert) President 1930 – 1960 - Robert F. Allan (Bob) President 1960 – 1981
- Robert G. Allan (Rob) President 1982 – 2008
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Company History
• 2008, new era of Management Ownership • Current technical staff ~ 75 • Diverse Management Team
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80 Years • Always a Focus on Innovative and Diverse designs
CNG-powered Short-Sea Drop Trailer Ferry
US Navy Z-Tech Harbour Tugs
Arctic Shipping Self-loading/unloading Log Barges
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Independent Engineering Services
• Not affiliated with any equipment manufacturers, shipyards or ship owners
• We work with them all to provide independent professional design services.
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ISO 9001 Quality Assurance Program
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Practical Cradle to Grave Solutions for Sustainable Shipping
• Solutions for Sustainable Shipping = a low environmental impact • Low environmental impact = low energy footprint = high energy efficiency • For Naval Architects, high energy efficiency = low resistance • Save fuel/reduce emissions by efficient design
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Hydrodynamics
• Back to Basics • Speed, Length, Displacement
• Using sophisticated Computational Fluid Dynamics programs, hull shapes, appendages, propellers and all their interactions can be optimized.
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008 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
2000
4000
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10000
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14000
5000
10000
15000
20000
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Inst
alle
d Po
wer
(hp)
Inst
alle
d Po
wer
(kW
)
Speed (kts)
130m Drop-Trailer Ro-RoLOA 130.0m vs. 260.0mB 23.7m vs. 11.9mT 6.0m vs. 6.0m
Speed
47%
10,000 tonnes
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Length – Long and Slender
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Short and Wide
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008 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
Inst
alle
d Po
wer
(hp)
Inst
alle
d Po
wer
(kW
)
Speed (kts)
130m Drop-Trailer Ro-RoLOA 130.0m vs. 260.0mB 23.7m vs. 11.9mT 6.0m vs. 6.0m
Length: Twice as long, ½ beam
65%
10,000 tonnes / 130m x 11.9m 10,000 tonnes / 260m x 6m
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Long Slender Ship Concepts
• The Pentamaran by Nigel Gee, UK
• Norasia: Stabilised Mono-hulls
• One Hull of a Catamaran • Designed for High speed • Some High Speed Design principles work at conventional speeds too • Long Slender Hulls have lower resistance
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008 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
Inst
alle
d Po
wer
(hp)
Inst
alle
d Po
wer
(kW
)
Speed (kts)
130m Drop-Trailer Ro-RoLOA 130.0m vs. 260.0mB 23.7m vs. 11.9mT 6.0m vs. 6.0m
Displacement
80%
10,000 tonnes 8,000 tonnes
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Ballast = Unwanted Displacement
• Transporting Ballast Water requires energy • Ballast water contains environmental contaminants
• Requires ballast water treatment/exchange
• Eliminating or Minimizing Ballast has great potential for reducing environmental impacts of shipping
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Ballast Free Ship – DNV Triality Concept
• Flared hull shape to ensure propeller submersion
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Ballast Free Ship – DNV Triality Concept
• Longitudinal cargo segregations and symmetrical cargo filling/discharge to control bending moments
DNV claims 11% reduced energy consumption on round trip
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Fundamental Solutions
• Slower ships have lower resistance • Longer ships have lower resistance • Lighter ships have lower resistance • Lower resistance saves fuel/reduces emissions • Efficient design reduces resistance
• Regulations can be a major obstacle to efficient design
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Regulations vs. Efficiency
ARTICULATED TUG-BARGE SYSTEMS: - DOMINATE USA COASTAL OIL TRADE
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Articulated Tug-Barge (ATB) Systems
• Seldom take advantage of “Drop & Swap” economics
• More efficient than a towed barge
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Articulated Tug-Barge (ATB) Systems
• ATB’s are fundamentally inefficient in comparison to a ”ship”
• 15-20% Losses due to • notch connection between tug and barge • Smaller propellers
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Articulated Tug-Barge (ATB) Systems
• Designed to circumvent manning regulations: • 5 person crew on a pusher tug • 11 person crew on a coastal tanker
• Why? • Manning regulations based on length of the powered vessel
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US Regulatory Tonnage • Unlike the International Tonnage, measures to the inside of framing. • Allows deep Tonnage Framing and other “dodges” to reduce US
Regulatory Gross Tonnage
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US Regulatory Tonnage • Tonnage Framing serves no useful structural purpose • Installed to avoid licensed crews and other regulations based on
Regulatory Tonnage.
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US Regulatory Tonnage • Significant Energy wasted - to make the redundant steel - to fabricate the steel - to haul the redundant steel around - to maintain the redundant structure - to recycle the redundant structure
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Practical Solutions • Slow Down
• Slow Steaming operations • Voyage Planning
• Maximize Ship Length • Long slender ships • Lessons from High Speed Craft
• Minimize Ship Displacement • Reduce Lightship
• Particularly valid for high volume/low weight cargos – ferries • Greater use of materials like aluminum • Lessons from High Speed Craft
• Minimize Ballast • Minimize Fuel carried
• Eliminate regulations that encourage inefficient ship designs
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Cradle to Grave?
• The most Practical Solutions for Sustainable Shipping
• Don’t happen between the cradle and grave
• They occur at conception.