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Practical Fundamentals of Voice over Internet Protocol (VOIP) for Engineers and Technicians
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Definition“ Voice Over IP (VOIP) is a converged network application that
allows voice, data, video and fax to be transported over existing IP data networks instead of conventional Public Switched
Telephone Network (PSTN).”
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Voice
Data
Packet Voice
IP Data
IP Data
IP Telephony Circuit Switched Networks (TDM)
IP+ATM
IP
Packet Switched (Converged) Networks
Networks
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VOIP
• Is a Layer 3 network protocol
• Uses Layer 2 point-to-point or link layer protocols (such as PPP,Frame relay or ATM for its transport)
• Digital Signal Processors (DSPs) segment the voice signal into frames and store them in voice packets.
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VoiceSource
VoiceDestination
ADC DAC
ManagedIP CLOUD
AnalogueSignal
AnalogueSignal
DigitalSignal
DigitalSignal
VOIP BASIC DIAGRAM
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VOIP
• Voice packets are transported via IP in compliance with voice communication protocols or standards– Such as H.323 ,Media Gateway Control
Protocol(MGCP) or Session Initiation Protocol (SIP)
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Relationship of OSI and VOIP
OSI Layer Number
OSI layer Name
VOIP Protocols and Functions
7 Application Net Meeting
6 Presentation CODECS
5 Session H.323/MGCP/SIP
4 Transport RTP/TCP/UDP
3 Network IP
2 Data Link Frame Relay, ATM, Ethernet, PPP
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IP is an attractive choice for voice transport because:
• Lower Equipment Cost – – IP based switch architecture is an open and distributed
architecture– Modular in concept
• Integration of Voice and Data application –– IP offers a converged and unified platform for transport
of data as well as voice
IP in VOIP
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• Optimum Bandwidth Utilization – – Many bandwidth efficient coding algorithms have been
developed which are bandwidth efficient.
• Universal Acceptance and Availability of IP as a networking protocol
IP in VOIP
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The problems in implementing VOIP are – • Speech Quality –
– IP basically designed for transporting data traffic
– Data traffic is asynchronous can tolerate delay
– Any appreciable delay in receipt of voice packet badly impairs quality of speech.
• Delay – – Voice does not tolerate delay
– ITU-T recommendation G.114 states that the round trip delay should be less than 300 ms for telephony applications
Problems in VOIP
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• Jitter-Jitter is variation in delay – is caused in IP networks in two ways:
– Packets take different routes from source to destination and experience different delays
– Different packets experience different queuing time (due to sharing of available resources by different users)
Problems in VOIP
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Packet loss –
• VOIP is based on packet switched network architecture – Voice is first digitized, packetized and then transported
in the form of packets
• If packets are lost in transit – Any retransmission will introduce delay – Voice quality impaired
Problems in VOIP
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• Power Over Ethernet – – Traditional PSTN Telephones are DC powered on the
same conductors– For VOIP on LAN environment
• 802.3af compliant powered Ethernet Switches
• Picker
• Two Methods are –– (Injector) + (POE compatible Device)– (Injector) + (non-POE compatible Device)+(Picker)
Problems in VOIP
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