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Practical MetadataPractical Metadata
Kathryn LybargerKathryn Lybarger
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<METADATA><METADATA>
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What is metadata?What is metadata?
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““data about data”data about data”
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Types of MetadataTypes of Metadata
Descriptive MetadataDescriptive Metadata
Structural MetadataStructural Metadata
Administrative MetadataAdministrative MetadataPreservation MetadataPreservation MetadataRights and Access MetadataRights and Access MetadataTechnical MetadataTechnical Metadata
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ExamplesExamples
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ExamplesExamples
DescriptiveDescriptive StructuralStructural AdministrativeAdministrative
PRIVATE
PUBLICA - K
L - Z
PERSONAL
BUSINESS
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What does metadata look like?What does metadata look like?
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May be same format as dataMay be same format as data
Header added by Project Gutenberg
Ebook submitted
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Metadata may have different formatMetadata may have different format
WAV audio file
Text metadata
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Not all metadata is textNot all metadata is text
““Okay, it's September the 21, 1987, Okay, it's September the 21, 1987, I'm in Frankfurt Kentucky in the I'm in Frankfurt Kentucky in the home of Clarence Gunther, who was home of Clarence Gunther, who was a World War II veteran, served in the a World War II veteran, served in the Navy, entering service on March 6, Navy, entering service on March 6, 1940, and separated March 8, 1946 1940, and separated March 8, 1946 as a boats and mate first class. He as a boats and mate first class. He was at Pearl Harbor…”was at Pearl Harbor…”
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Not all metadata is verbalNot all metadata is verbal
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Metadata may have no structureMetadata may have no structure
"This book I gave to "This book I gave to Mary Baxter. After her Mary Baxter. After her death, I gave it to death, I gave it to Mrs. Spruill. After her Mrs. Spruill. After her death, to Kate Wilson. death, to Kate Wilson. She never read it, so She never read it, so on a visit to her, I took on a visit to her, I took back for my own back for my own reading."reading."
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Metadata may have some structureMetadata may have some structure
Word processors Word processors allow “document allow “document properties”properties”
Anything can go in Anything can go in these fieldsthese fields
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File names are metadataFile names are metadata
cont-vocab.doc
Some indication of content
File type
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Metadata may have rich structureMetadata may have rich structure
Example: MARC Example: MARC recordrecord
Requires expertise to Requires expertise to read and createread and create
Allows very detailed Allows very detailed searchingsearching
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XML: eXtensible Markup LanguageXML: eXtensible Markup Language
Many rich metadata formats are encoded as Many rich metadata formats are encoded as XMLXML
A schema or DTD specifies rules which a A schema or DTD specifies rules which a document must followdocument must follow
Examples: XHTML, EAD, TEI, NDNPExamples: XHTML, EAD, TEI, NDNP
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XML: ExampleXML: Example
<book isbn="978-0898713619"><book isbn="978-0898713619">
<title>Numerical Linear <title>Numerical Linear Algebra</title>Algebra</title>
<author>Lloyd N. Trefethen</author><author>Lloyd N. Trefethen</author>
<author>David Bau, III</author><author>David Bau, III</author>
<publisher>SIAM</publisher><publisher>SIAM</publisher>
</book></book>
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XML: AdvantagesXML: Advantages
““self-describing”self-describing”
Validation catches many errorsValidation catches many errors
XML tools may be used for any XML XML tools may be used for any XML languagelanguagesearchingsearching transformationtransformationcommunicationcommunication
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When is metadataWhen is metadatacreated?created?
Who creates metadata?Who creates metadata?
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Where is metadata?Where is metadata?
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Metadata may be inside the dataMetadata may be inside the data
Physical:Physical: Title pageTitle page Table of contentsTable of contents IndexIndex
Digital:Digital: Header informationHeader information
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Binary data Binary data
Header informationHeader information
in an image filein an image file
XML metadata XML metadata
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Metadata can be near the dataMetadata can be near the data
Title and author on the spine of a bookTitle and author on the spine of a book
Associated .txt file with a .wav fileAssociated .txt file with a .wav file
Alternate data streams (Windows)Alternate data streams (Windows)
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Metadata can be gathered Metadata can be gathered elsewhereelsewhere
Card catalogCard catalog
IndexIndex
Search engineSearch engine
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Metadata can be multiple placesMetadata can be multiple places
Bee S-50Earlington, KY 98’1892 negative
microfilm
catalog
box lid
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How is metadata different from How is metadata different from normal data?normal data?
No clear distinction!No clear distinction!
Metadata is also dataMetadata is also data
Metadata can have metadataMetadata can have metadata
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Meta-metadata?Meta-metadata?
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How much metadata?How much metadata?
Too little metadata?Too little metadata?Different objects may have the same Different objects may have the same
metadatametadata
Too much metadata?Too much metadata?You may never get startedYou may never get startedCollection may take too longCollection may take too longCollection may be inconsistent / incompleteCollection may be inconsistent / incomplete
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What is goodWhat is goodmetadata?metadata?
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Metadata should be accessibleMetadata should be accessible
Easy to findEasy to find
ReadableReadablePhysical: legible, permanentPhysical: legible, permanentDigital: standard, non-proprietary formatDigital: standard, non-proprietary format
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Metadata should be meaningfulMetadata should be meaningful
Relationship to data should be clearRelationship to data should be clear
DigitalDigitalEncoded content should be parse-ableEncoded content should be parse-ableXML should be well-formed, validXML should be well-formed, valid
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Metadata should be accurateMetadata should be accurate
Adds to recall and precision in searchingAdds to recall and precision in searching
Not all metadata is apparent from looking Not all metadata is apparent from looking at the data itselfat the data itself
False metadata may lead to false False metadata may lead to false conclusions about the data!conclusions about the data!
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False metadata: ExampleFalse metadata: Example
Apparent from file:Apparent from file:
4800 x 6800 pixels4800 x 6800 pixels
Metadata: 400dpiMetadata: 400dpi
Conclusion:Conclusion:
Image: 12in x 17inImage: 12in x 17in
Paper: 11in x 16inPaper: 11in x 16in
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False metadata: ExampleFalse metadata: Example
Apparent from file:Apparent from file:
4800 x 6800 pixels4800 x 6800 pixels
Metadata:Metadata: 200dpi 200dpi
Conclusion:Conclusion:
Image: 24in x 34inImage: 24in x 34in
Paper: 22in x 32inPaper: 22in x 32in
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OCR: Optical character OCR: Optical character recognitionrecognition
An automated process of turning images An automated process of turning images of letters into (searchable) textof letters into (searchable) text
Very common metadata for images of Very common metadata for images of books/newspapersbooks/newspapers
Often uncorrected, somewhat inaccurateOften uncorrected, somewhat inaccurate
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Uncorrected OCR: ExampleUncorrected OCR: ExampleTHREE DS TRIUMPHTHREE DS TRIUMPH
Zacaweista Easily Qutsprints T Zacaweista Easily Qutsprints T SS
Jordan and MorsunJordan and Morsun
Stadium Purse Feature of Stadium Purse Feature of Wash ¬Wash ¬
ington Park ProgramWeatherington Park ProgramWeather
and Track Conditions Idealand Track Conditions Ideal
HOMEWOOD Ill June 2 HOMEWOOD Ill June 2 Zacaweista theZacaweista the
good son of High Time in the good son of High Time in the Three DsThree Ds
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Uncorrected OCR: ExampleUncorrected OCR: Example
ucrendifi-chdlcogrdpboilli, cuiusmahm ucrendifi-chdlcogrdpboilli, cuiusmahm pr£chr& iUiusdrtis imprcffospr£chr& iUiusdrtis imprcffos
rie inuentorcsfucre, trddidifftm, utedcretur, rie inuentorcsfucre, trddidifftm, utedcretur, exempkrcocilijTriburicrtexempkrcocilijTriburicrt
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Why metadata?Why metadata?
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Metadata can be used to Metadata can be used to identify dataidentify data
Title / author on the spine of a bookTitle / author on the spine of a book
File namesFile names
LabelsLabels
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Metadata can be used toMetadata can be used tointerpret datainterpret data
Instructions for tax formsInstructions for tax forms
Language / character encodingLanguage / character encoding
XML DTD or schemaXML DTD or schema
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Metadata can be used toMetadata can be used tosearch datasearch data
Card catalogCard catalog
IndexIndex
Search engineSearch engine
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Metadata can be used to Metadata can be used to manage datamanage data
Call numbersCall numbers
““Burn by” dates on file boxesBurn by” dates on file boxes
Rights and accessRights and access
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Metadata can be used toMetadata can be used tocommunicate about datacommunicate about data
Finding aidsFinding aids
AbstractsAbstracts
OAIOAI
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Who uses metadata?Who uses metadata?
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Internet users use metadataInternet users use metadata
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Librarians use metadataLibrarians use metadata
ReferenceReference
CatalogingCataloging
Collection DevelopmentCollection Development
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Children use metadataChildren use metadata
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What is metadata?What is metadata?
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You already understand You already understand metadata!metadata!
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</METADATA></METADATA>
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Any questions aboutAny questions aboutmetadata?metadata?