Download - Pre-Living Environment 2nd SEMESTER REVIEW
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Pre-Living Environment
2nd SEMESTER REVIEW
June 2012
Lackawanna High School
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Relative dating
Using index fossils that are found in layers of sedimentary rock to
determine which layer is older than other layers
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Sedimentary rock
Formed in layers; only type of rock to contain fossils
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Index Fossils
Commonly found in sedimentary rock layers throughout the world; used for
relative dating
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Radioactive elements
Used to determine the absolute age of rock layers or fossils
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Information from fossils
1. Structural similarities
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2. Organisms have changed over time
3. Some organisms have gone extinct
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Similar biochemistry
1. DNA has similar sequences of bases (A, T, C, G)
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2. Organisms that are related have similar enzymes
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Similar body structures
1. ex. Lion leg, bat wing, dolphin fin
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2. Embryos are similar in early development
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Divergent evolution
Organisms of the same species evolve and become different species
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Ex.) different species of finches that Darwin found on the Galapagos Islands
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Convergent evolution
Unrelated species develop similar traits because their environments are similar
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Ex.) dolphins and fish have similar body structues
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Co - evolution
Two organisms evolve so that they function together in an ecosystem
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Ex.) Bees have body structures that are adapted to pollinate certain flowers; the flowers produce nectar to feed the bees.
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Who: CHARLES DARWINWHAT: Theory of Natural Selection
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WHERE: around the coast of South America to the Galapagos Islands
WHEN: 1831-1836 voyage and observations
WHY: Data and observations indicated common ancestryHOW: observations of fossils and living organisms
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Natural Selection1. Overproduction of offspring
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2. Competition for resources
3. Variation of traits
4. Survival of the fittest – organisms that are unable to adapt go extinct
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Gene Pool
All the genes in an entire population
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Adaptation
A trait that helps an organism survive in its environment
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Evolution
Process by which a species gradually changes over time
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Ecology
The study of interactions between organisms and their environment
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Biotic
living
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Abiotic
nonliving
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Population
All the members on ONE SPECIES in an environment
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Community
All the members on ALL SPECIES in an environment
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Ecosystem
all species (living, biotic) PLUS
environment (nonliving, abiotic)
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Biosphere
The part of the entire earth that supports life
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Habitat
The environment that an organism is adapted to survive in
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Exponential growth
time
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popu
latio
n
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Limiting factor
something that stops a population from increasing beyond a certain number.
Ex. Food supply, disease, space
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Carrying capacity
time
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popu
latio
n
The maximum number of a population that a habitat can support because of limiting factors
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Niche
The specific role that an organism plays in its habitat
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Niche
The specific role that an organism plays in its habitat
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Symbiotic relationship
Two organisms live together so that at lest one depends on the other
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Parasitism
Symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits while the other is harmed.
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Commensalism
Symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits while the other is not affected at all
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Mutualism
Symbiotic relationship in which both organisms benefit
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Producer / autotroph
• Organism that makes its own food by doing photosynthesis
• Gets energy directly from the sun
• Bottom of energy pyramid
• Beginning of food chain or web
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Consumer / heterotroph
• Organism that obtains food from other organisms
• Gets energy directly the level below it on the pyramid
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Herbivore
Animal that eats only plants
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Carnivore
Animal that eats only animals
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Omnivore
Animal that eats both animals and plants
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Omnivore
Animal that eats both animals and plants
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Decomposer / saprophyte
• Feeds off of dead organisms• Helps nutrients recycle into the soil
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Food chain
• Shows energy flow through an ecosystem
• means “is eaten by” or “energy is transferred to”
• Always starts with a producer
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Food web
• Many interrelated food chains
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Biodiversity
• Number of different species that exist in an ecosystem
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Introduced species
• Species that is brought to an ecosystem by humans
• May or may not disrupt the existing food webs and niches
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Introduced species
• Species that is brought to an ecosystem by humans
• May or may not disrupt the existing food webs and niches
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Conservation biology
• Study of ecosystems with the goal of preserving biodiversity
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Ecological Succession
• Each species of plants modifies the environment so that the next
species can survive.• See page 13
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Ecological Succession
• Each species of plants modifies the environment so that the next
species can survive.• See page 13
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Homeostasis
• Stable, constant internal conditions.
• All body systems work together to maintain homeostasis.
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Enzyme
• Protein molecule that helps break down (digest) food into usable
molecules• Specific shape
• Works best at a specific temperature
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Glucose
Molecule that cells use to release energy
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Amino acid
• Molecule that forms chains to build protein
• Follows the instructions in DNA base sequence (A, T, C, G)
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How does the blood maintain homeostasis?
• Transports oxygen and nutrients to cells
• Transports carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells
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How do red blood cells maintain homeostasis?
• Transport oxygen to cells
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How do white blood cells maintain homeostasis?
• Part of the immune system• Produce antibodies to fight
antigens
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How do alveoli maintain homeostasis?
• Air sacs in the lungs full of capillaries where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes
place.
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How does the skin maintain homeostasis?
• Sweating to release excess heat and lower body temperature• Shivering to raise body
temperature• Barrier against outside changes
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Contrast response by the nervous system with a response by the endocrine system.
• NS responds quickly but for short duration
• ES responds slowly but for long duration
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Hormone
• Chemical released into the blood by a gland
• Has a specific shape to match a receptor in a cell membrane
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Neurotransmitter
• Chemical that communicates between nerve cells (neurons)
• Has a specific shape to match a receptor in the membrane of the
next nerve cell
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Receptor protein
• In or on a cell membrane• Shape fits the shape of specific
hormone or neurotransmitter
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Antibody
• Produced by white blood cell• Matches the shape of an antigen
to destroy it
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Antigen
• Foreign substance or cell that enters the body
• Pathogen = living antigen (bacteria, virus)
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Vaccine
• Weak pathogen or part of a pathogen
• Triggers WBC to make antibodies that match the shape of that
pathogen
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Insulin
• Hormone made by the pancreas• Allows glucose to move from the
blood into cells
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Pancreas
• Organ that makes insulin and glucagon
• (and many other digestive enzymes)
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Glucagon
• Hormone that allows glucose to re-enter the blood to move to
other cells• Made by the pancreas
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Adrenaline
• Hormone that increases heart rate, breathing, energy
• Made by adrenal glands (on top of kidneys)
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Noradrenaline
• Hormone that decreases heart rate, breathing, energy
• Counteracts adrenaline effects• Made by adrenal glands (on top of
kidneys)
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Feedback
• Up and down changes that work to maintain homeostasis
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