![Page 1: PREDICTIVE ENGINEERING IN WIND ENERGY: A DATA-MINING APPROACH](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081503/5681666d550346895dda0af2/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
PREDICTIVE ENGINEERING IN WIND ENERGY: A DATA-MINING APPROACH
Student: Wenyan (Emily) Li
PI: Andrew Kusiak
Feb.12, 2010
![Page 2: PREDICTIVE ENGINEERING IN WIND ENERGY: A DATA-MINING APPROACH](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081503/5681666d550346895dda0af2/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
OutlinePredictive Engineering in Wind Energy: Data-driven Approach Overview
Case StudyShort Term Prediction of Wind Turbine Parameters
Dynamic Control of Wind Turbines
Current ChallengePrediction and Diagnosis of Wind Turbine Faults
![Page 3: PREDICTIVE ENGINEERING IN WIND ENERGY: A DATA-MINING APPROACH](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081503/5681666d550346895dda0af2/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Predictive Engineering in Wind Energy: Data-driven Approach Overview
Main TopicsData Description
![Page 4: PREDICTIVE ENGINEERING IN WIND ENERGY: A DATA-MINING APPROACH](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081503/5681666d550346895dda0af2/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Main TopicsExisting approaches primarily use statistical methods.Data mining approach:
Power Prediction and OptimizationWind Speed ForecastingControl of Wind TurbinesVibration Analysis of Wind Turbine ComponentsCondition Monitoring and Fault Diagnosis
![Page 5: PREDICTIVE ENGINEERING IN WIND ENERGY: A DATA-MINING APPROACH](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081503/5681666d550346895dda0af2/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Data DescriptionThe data used in the research was generated at a wind farm with about 100 turbines. The data was collected by a SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) system installed at each wind turbine. Each SCADA system collects data for more than 120 parameters.
Controllable parameters, e.g., blade pitch angle, generator torque
Non-controllable parameters, e.g., wind speed
Turbine performance parameters, e.g., power output, rotor speed.
Though the data is sampled at a high frequency, it is normally averaged and stored at a lower frequency, such as 10-minute intervals or 10-second intervals.
![Page 6: PREDICTIVE ENGINEERING IN WIND ENERGY: A DATA-MINING APPROACH](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081503/5681666d550346895dda0af2/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Data Description
![Page 7: PREDICTIVE ENGINEERING IN WIND ENERGY: A DATA-MINING APPROACH](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081503/5681666d550346895dda0af2/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Data DescriptionTime Power
(Actual)Wind Speed
Generator Speed
Rotor Speed
Blade 1, actual value
Torque, actual value …
4:35:20 371.6 6.74 1409.6 19.55 0.07 25.7 …
4:35:30 417.9 6.77 1430.2 19.88 0.07 27.97 …
4:35:40 389.4 6.47 1426.5 19.82 0.07 26.4 …
4:35:50 369.6 6.32 1412.3 19.64 0.07 25.51 …
4:36:00 372.6 6.24 1409.2 19.57 0.07 25.52 …
4:36:10 422.4 6.93 1430 19.89 0.07 28.24 …
4:36:20 403.3 6.7 1429 19.88 0.07 27.17 …
4:36:30 381.8 6.38 1419.7 19.73 0.07 25.75 …
4:36:40 361.2 6.11 1398 19.45 0.07 24.83 …
4:36:50 339.2 6.04 1367.7 19.05 0.07 24.02 …
… … … … … … … …
![Page 8: PREDICTIVE ENGINEERING IN WIND ENERGY: A DATA-MINING APPROACH](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081503/5681666d550346895dda0af2/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
BasicsPhysics-based equations:
Parameter Type
Parameter Name Abbreviation Symbol Unit
Non-controllable Wind speed WS m/s
Controllable
Blade pitch angle BPA °
Generator torque GT Nm
PerformancePower output PO kW
Rotor speed RS rpm
( )v t
1( )x t
2 ( )x t
1( )y t
2 ( )y t
a rP T rRv
2 31 ( , )2a pP R C v
Table 6. Parameter selection for clustering in wind power prediction
![Page 9: PREDICTIVE ENGINEERING IN WIND ENERGY: A DATA-MINING APPROACH](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081503/5681666d550346895dda0af2/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
OutlinePredictive Engineering in Wind Energy: Data-driven Approach Overview
Case StudyShort Term Prediction of Wind Turbine Parameters
Dynamic Control of Wind Turbines
Current ChallengePrediction and Diagnosis of Wind Turbine Faults
![Page 10: PREDICTIVE ENGINEERING IN WIND ENERGY: A DATA-MINING APPROACH](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081503/5681666d550346895dda0af2/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Short Term Prediction of Wind Turbine Parameters
Background
Methodology
Feature Selection
Data Sampling
Model Construction
Computational Results
![Page 11: PREDICTIVE ENGINEERING IN WIND ENERGY: A DATA-MINING APPROACH](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081503/5681666d550346895dda0af2/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Background
Considering the fact that wind speeds and wind turbine performance vary across different turbine locations of a wind farm, the question arises as to whether a generalized model (called here a virtual model) of a wind turbine could be developed.
Such a virtual model has been developed based on SCADA data collected at wind turbines.
![Page 12: PREDICTIVE ENGINEERING IN WIND ENERGY: A DATA-MINING APPROACH](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081503/5681666d550346895dda0af2/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Methodology
Methodology for developing virtual models
![Page 13: PREDICTIVE ENGINEERING IN WIND ENERGY: A DATA-MINING APPROACH](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081503/5681666d550346895dda0af2/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Data Collection: An Ideal Power Curve
Ideal power curve
![Page 14: PREDICTIVE ENGINEERING IN WIND ENERGY: A DATA-MINING APPROACH](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081503/5681666d550346895dda0af2/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Data Collection: Actual Power Curve
0
400
800
1200
1600
0 5 10 15 20
Pow
er O
utpu
t [kW
]
Wind Speed [m/s]
1
2
3
4
5
6
1 10 19 28 37 46 55
Win
d sp
eed
(m/s
)
Turbine 1 Turbine 2 Turbine 3 Turbine 4
-20
20
60
100
140
180
3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
Pow
er o
utpu
t (kW
)
Wind speed (m/s) Turbine 1 Turbine 2 Turbine 3 Turbine 4
-20
80
180
280
380
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Pow
er o
utpu
t (kW
)
Wind speed (m/s) Turbine 1 Turbine 2 Turbine 3 Turbine 4
Actual wind speed and power curve
![Page 15: PREDICTIVE ENGINEERING IN WIND ENERGY: A DATA-MINING APPROACH](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081503/5681666d550346895dda0af2/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Parameter Selection
Selection method: Combined domain knowledge and data mining algorithms
The process of parameter selection
![Page 16: PREDICTIVE ENGINEERING IN WIND ENERGY: A DATA-MINING APPROACH](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081503/5681666d550346895dda0af2/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Data Sampling96.75
82.68
0
20
40
60
80
100
3.5 4.5 5.5 6.5 7.5 8.5 9.5 10.5 11.5 12.5 14.0 16.0 18.0 20.0 21.0
Cum
ulat
ive p
erce
ntag
e (%
)
Wind speed (m/s) Low wind speed High wind speed
88.50
56.03
0
20
40
60
80
100
100 300 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500
Cum
ulat
ive p
erce
ntag
e (%
)
Power output (kW) Low wind speed High wind speed
0.087.82 8.65
41.14
87.66
31.19
86.38
100.00
0
20
40
60
80
100
0 0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 20-23
Cum
ulat
ive p
erce
ntag
e (%
)
Rotor speed (rpm) Low wind speed High wind speed
As the wind speed in the interval [3.5-13] m/s is studied, 1500 data points were randomly selected from low wind speed data set in each category of the wind speed data to form a training data.
Figure 11. Illustration of data sampling.
![Page 17: PREDICTIVE ENGINEERING IN WIND ENERGY: A DATA-MINING APPROACH](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081503/5681666d550346895dda0af2/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Model Building1 1 1 1 2 2 1 1
1 2 2 2
( ) ( ( 1), ( 2), ( 1), ( 2), ( ), ( 1),( 2) ( ), ( 1), ( 2) ( ), ( 1) ( 2) ( 6))y t f y t y t y t y t x t x tx t x t x t x t v t v t v t v t
2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1
1 2 2 2
( ) ( ( 1), ( 2), ( 1), ( 2) ( ), ( 1),( 2) ( ), ( 1), ( 2), ( ), ( 1) ( 2) ( 6))y t f y t y t y t y t x t x tx t x t x t x t v t v t v t v t
Model extraction using different algorithms
![Page 18: PREDICTIVE ENGINEERING IN WIND ENERGY: A DATA-MINING APPROACH](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081503/5681666d550346895dda0af2/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Computational Results
Prediction results of power output Prediction results of rotor speed
![Page 19: PREDICTIVE ENGINEERING IN WIND ENERGY: A DATA-MINING APPROACH](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081503/5681666d550346895dda0af2/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Outline
Predictive Engineering in Wind Energy: Data-driven Approach Overview
Case StudyShort Term Prediction of Wind Turbine Parameters
Dynamic Control of Wind Turbines
Current ChallengePrediction and Diagnosis of Wind Turbine Faults
![Page 20: PREDICTIVE ENGINEERING IN WIND ENERGY: A DATA-MINING APPROACH](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081503/5681666d550346895dda0af2/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Dynamic Control of Wind Turbines
Background
Dynamic Model
Adjusting Objectives based on Wind Conditions and Operational Requirements
Computational Results
Illustration of Operational Scenarios
![Page 21: PREDICTIVE ENGINEERING IN WIND ENERGY: A DATA-MINING APPROACH](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081503/5681666d550346895dda0af2/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Background
Most optimization problems aim to maximize power output of wind turbine;In reality, there are a number of optimal objectives;The model considered in this paper considers five weighted objectives. The weights are adjusted according to eight typical scenarios defined by wind conditions and operational requirements.
![Page 22: PREDICTIVE ENGINEERING IN WIND ENERGY: A DATA-MINING APPROACH](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081503/5681666d550346895dda0af2/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Dynamic Model
1 2 3 _ 4 _ 5 _Power Rotor P ramp G ramp Pitch rampJ w J w J w J w J w J
PowerJ
RotorJ
_P rampJ
_G rampJ
_Pitch rampJ
is a function to minimize the distance between the power output to its upper limit and therefore maximizing the power output;is a function to minimize rotor speed ramp;
is a function to minimize power output ramp;
is a function to minimize generation torque ramp;
is a function to minimize pitch angle ramp;
1 2 3 4 5 _ _ _min ( , , , , , , , , , )Power Rotor P ramp G ramp Pitch rampJ w w w w w J J J J J
1 2 3 4 5 1w w w w w
![Page 23: PREDICTIVE ENGINEERING IN WIND ENERGY: A DATA-MINING APPROACH](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081503/5681666d550346895dda0af2/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Adjusting Objectives based on Wind Conditions and Operational Requirements
Turbulence Intensity is used as the threshold to distinguish between high turbulence intensity and low turbulence intensity
Wind Speed
The speed of is used as an threshold to distinguish between high wind speed and low wind speed
Electricity demand
High and low electricity demand (arbitrarily)
0.06tI
7 /m s
![Page 24: PREDICTIVE ENGINEERING IN WIND ENERGY: A DATA-MINING APPROACH](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081503/5681666d550346895dda0af2/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Adjusting Objectives based on Wind Conditions and Operational Requirements
Adjust weights according to the scenario category
Weights (arbitrarily) distribution for eight scenarios
![Page 25: PREDICTIVE ENGINEERING IN WIND ENERGY: A DATA-MINING APPROACH](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081503/5681666d550346895dda0af2/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Computational Results
Scenario
Number
Original Average
Power Output [kW]
Optimized Average Power
Output [kW]
Original STD of Power Output
[kW]
Optimized STD of Power Output
[kW]
1795.01
1278.36171.99
153.80
2 1098.36 87.24
3907.60
1427.70228.90
125.61
4 554.90 55.69
5200.40
372.62139.82
226.93
6 271.72 153.23
7275.00
535.5536.97
64.58
8 498.89 62.51
Summary of power output generation
![Page 26: PREDICTIVE ENGINEERING IN WIND ENERGY: A DATA-MINING APPROACH](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081503/5681666d550346895dda0af2/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Computational Results
Scenario
Number
Original STD of Rotor
Speed [rpm]
Optimized STD of
Rotor Speed [rpm]
Original STD of Blade
Pitch Angle [°]
Optimized STD of
Blade Pitch Angle [°]
Original STD of
Generator Torque [Nm]
Optimized STD of
Generator Torque [Nm]
10.25
0.244.39
1.911152.89
881.82
2 0.10 2.47 563.29
30.37
0.273.57
3.961470.40
747.91
4 0.09 2.15 400.58
51.79
1.694.09
4.54934.38
1614.48
6 1.39 4.34 1142.18
70.82
0.300.00
2.36207.19
438.80
8 0.40 0.72 446.31
Summary of power output generation
![Page 27: PREDICTIVE ENGINEERING IN WIND ENERGY: A DATA-MINING APPROACH](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081503/5681666d550346895dda0af2/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Operational Scenario 4: High Wind Speed, Low Turbulence Intensity, and Low Electricity Demand
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1:05:40 PM 1:06:40 PM 1:07:40 PM 1:08:40 PM 1:09:40 PM
Pow
er O
utpu
t (kW
)
Optimized Original
17.5
18.0
18.5
19.0
19.5
20.0
1:05:40 PM 1:06:40 PM 1:07:40 PM 1:08:40 PM 1:09:40 PM
Rot
or sp
eed
(RPM
)
Optimized Original
-2
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
1:05:40 PM 1:06:40 PM 1:07:40 PM 1:08:40 PM 1:09:40 PM
Pitc
h an
gle
(deg
ree)
Optimized Original
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
1:05:40 PM 1:06:40 PM 1:07:40 PM 1:08:40 PM 1:09:40 PM
Gen
erat
or to
rque
(Nm
)
Optimized Original
Optimal results for operational scenario 4
![Page 28: PREDICTIVE ENGINEERING IN WIND ENERGY: A DATA-MINING APPROACH](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081503/5681666d550346895dda0af2/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Operational Scenario 7: Low Wind Speed, Low Turbulence Intensity, and High Electricity Demand
200
250
300
350
400
450
500
550
600
650
4:36:20 AM 4:37:10 AM 4:38:00 AM 4:38:50 AM 4:39:40 AM
Pow
er O
utpu
t (kW
)
Optimized Original
16
17
18
19
20
21
4:36:20 AM 4:37:10 AM 4:38:00 AM 4:38:50 AM 4:39:40 AM
Rot
or sp
eed
(RPM
)
Optimized Original
0
2
4
6
8
10
4:36:20 AM 4:37:10 AM 4:38:00 AM 4:38:50 AM 4:39:40 AM
Pitc
h an
gle
(deg
ree)
Optimized Original
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
4:36:20 AM 4:37:10 AM 4:38:00 AM 4:38:50 AM 4:39:40 AM
Gen
erat
or to
rque
(Nm
)
Optimized Original
Optimal results for operational scenario 7
![Page 29: PREDICTIVE ENGINEERING IN WIND ENERGY: A DATA-MINING APPROACH](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081503/5681666d550346895dda0af2/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Outline
Predictive Engineering in Wind Energy: Data-driven Approach Overview
Case StudyShort Term Prediction of Wind Turbine Parameters
Dynamic Control of Wind Turbines
Current ChallengePrediction and Diagnosis of Wind Turbine Faults
![Page 30: PREDICTIVE ENGINEERING IN WIND ENERGY: A DATA-MINING APPROACH](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081503/5681666d550346895dda0af2/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Prediction and Diagnosis of Wind Turbine Faults
Background
Data Description
Current Methodology
Current Challenge
Solution?
![Page 31: PREDICTIVE ENGINEERING IN WIND ENERGY: A DATA-MINING APPROACH](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081503/5681666d550346895dda0af2/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Introduction
The expansion of wind power has increased interest in operations and maintenance of wind turbines.
The operations, maintenance, and part replacement costs are expensive when wind turbine or its components break down.
Condition monitoring and fault diagnosis of wind turbines are of high priority.
![Page 32: PREDICTIVE ENGINEERING IN WIND ENERGY: A DATA-MINING APPROACH](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081503/5681666d550346895dda0af2/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Data DescriptionTwo separate data files:
Original SCADA data at 5-min intervals;
Status/Fault data is provided when the fault occurs;
Parameter Name Definition
Fault time Date and time of the fault occurrence
Status code Status code assigned to the fault occurred
Category Category of the status code (four categories)
Generator speed Generator speed at the time the fault has occurred
Power output Power production at the time the fault has occurred
Wind speed Wind speed at the time the fault has occurred
Parameters related to the fault information
![Page 33: PREDICTIVE ENGINEERING IN WIND ENERGY: A DATA-MINING APPROACH](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081503/5681666d550346895dda0af2/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Data DescriptionFault distribution of a random turbine
11 20 4 3142131
60
1096
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1 2 3 4
Freq
uenc
y
Category
Fault category Fault
There are 35 specific faults (11 in category 1 + 20 in category 2 + 4 in category 3) and 31 different status occurrences. In total 233 (42 + 131 + 60) faults and 1096 statuses are captured during the three month period.
Fault distribution for a random turbine
![Page 34: PREDICTIVE ENGINEERING IN WIND ENERGY: A DATA-MINING APPROACH](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081503/5681666d550346895dda0af2/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Current MethodThree-level fault prediction
General process for each level:
Level 1:Predict
status/fault
Level 2:Predict
category of status/fault
Level 3: Predict
specific fault
Levels for fault prediction
Process of fault prediction
Step 1:Labeling
SCADA data
Step 3:Model
extraction
Step 4:Analysis of
computational results
Step 2:Data sampling
![Page 35: PREDICTIVE ENGINEERING IN WIND ENERGY: A DATA-MINING APPROACH](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081503/5681666d550346895dda0af2/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Current Challenge
Limited fault data
Data sampling is not representative
Difficult to distinguish fault category
Difficult to predict specific fault
![Page 36: PREDICTIVE ENGINEERING IN WIND ENERGY: A DATA-MINING APPROACH](https://reader035.vdocument.in/reader035/viewer/2022081503/5681666d550346895dda0af2/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Solution?