Download - Prejudice, Stereotyping & Discrimination
Prejudice, Stereotyping & Discrimination
PREJUDICE
STEREOTYPE
DISCRIMINATION
(attitude) Unsupported
generalization about a category
of people
Behaviors directed towards people based on
their group
(belief) Oversimplified or
exaggerated image of a group
Stereotypes at BHS 1. Where do stereotypes come from?
How are they learned? 2. What is the danger in stereotypes? 3. How can we work to avoid falling prey to stereotyping? 4. Is there such a thing as a good stereotype? 5. Has modern society helped or hindered stereotyping and why?
• Prejudice and discrimination do not always go hand in hand – combine in 4 ways– Active bigot: is prejudiced and openly
discriminatory– Timid bigot: is prejudiced but is afraid to
discriminate b/c of societal pressures– Fair-weather liberal: not prejudiced but
discriminates anyway b/c of societal pressure – All-weather liberal: not prejudiced and does
not discriminate
Which type? Brandy believes African Americans
are the inferior race but she keeps her beliefs to herself in Sociology class because she is afraid others will judge her. Timid Bigot
Discrimination Name-calling to acts of violence Legal discrimination:
upheld by lawExamples?
Institutionalized discrimination: outgrowth of the structure of society. Unfair, indirect
treatment of an individual embedded in policies, laws, large organizations (example government or schools)
Where Does Prejudice Come From?
1. Social learning:
modeling from parents
What kind of children would you expect this couple to have?
Where Does Prejudice Come From?
2. Media Influences
Where Does Prejudice Come From?
3. Personal experiences (positive or negative)Scapegoating: placing the blame for one’s troubles on an innocent individual or group
Types of PrejudiceExplicit prejudice feelings of which
you are awareImplicit prejudice prejudiced feelings of
which you are not aware
In car dealerships, white ♂ offered better deals than: white ♀ (+ $109), black ♀ (+ $318), and black ♂ (+ $935) (Ayres & Siegelman, 1995)
Minority youth receive harsher and longer punishments for identical crimes than white youth
Consequences of stereotypes• Self-fulfilling prophecy: prediction that results in behavior that makes the prediction come true. Stereotype threat: Anxiety when you know there is a negative stereotype held against your group – feel pressure and can lead to a change in behavior (anxiety alters your ability to achieve successfully)
Stereotype Threat “Data shows that
African Americans perform lower on ACT and SAT assessments”More/Less pressure
on African American students??
What can this pressure do?
Why Do People Discriminate?
1. To gain benefits for one’s group
-Refers to limited resources, such as economics, land, housing, etc.
Why Do People Discriminate?
1. To gain benefits for one’s group2. To manage their self-image
Example: Making yourself look/feel like you’re better than others
Why Do People Discriminate?
1. To gain benefits for one’s group2. To manage their self-image3. To gain social approval
Example: You’re more likely to make fun of others if you’re in a group
Fulfills humans’ need to be “needed”
Why Do People Discriminate?
1. To gain benefits for one’s group2. To manage their self-image3. To gain social approval4. Seeking mental efficiency
Example: Heuristics (mental shortcuts)
Seeking Mental Efficiency Do ♂ or ♀ like sports
more?
How did you answer this question?
Systematic search (Go through every male and female you know)
“Guesstimate” (Think of a few of each and base judgment on that)
Reducing Prejudice, Stereotyping, & Discrimination
How can we reduce prejudice,
stereotyping, and discrimination?
Common InterventionsA typical explanation for the
continuation of negative prejudices is that “people just don’t know any better”
1. Simple-contact approachSimply having different groups around
each otherWould this work?
Think of integration in schools first occurring in the 1950s (The Little Rock 9)
Little Rock Nine Read the article: Referencing the article: what went
wrong? Why did this not work to eliminate discrimination if both groups were put together?
What would have been a better plan?
Common Interventions1. Simple-contact approachSimply having different groups
around each otherLittle Rock Nine - 1957
Common Interventions2. Fact-based
approachTeaching people
about other groups in a factual manner
Will only work if people are motivated to change their stereotypes
Best Type of Intervention3. Goal-Based ApproachIn order for this approach to work…
• Members must exhibit traits that contradict negative stereotypes
• Members must have equal status• Individual-level, not group-level• Rewarding experience!• Interdependence emphasized
Goal-Based Approach in The Breakfast Club
Out-group members must exhibit traits that contradict negative stereotypes
Through that Saturday School, others found out Claire was not the person they thought she was
“Princess”
“Goody”Snobby
Spoiled
Caring
Kind
Rebellious
Goal-Based Approach in The Breakfast Club
Groups should be of equal status
They were all in Saturday School together, regardless of the reason why!
Goal-Based Approach in The Breakfast Club
Contact should be at individual-level, not group-level
They had plenty of time and opportunity to talk on an individual-level, one-on-one
Goal-Based Approach in The Breakfast Club
How was this experience rewarding?
How did it involve interdependence?
• Racism: • the belief that one’s own race or ethnic group is
naturally superior to other races of ethnic groups – Use prejudice beliefs to justify discrimination
Brown Eyed Blue Eyed
RaceHistorically
Caucasoids – or whites- Fair skin and straight or wavy hair
Mongoloids – or Asians – Yellowish or brownish skin and distinctive folds on the eyelids
Negroids – or blacks – dark skin and tightly curled hair
What is the problem with this system?
RaceRace: category of people who share inherited physical characteristics and whom others see as being a distinct group
Sociologists - Not important what color someone’s skin is but how people react to these physical characteristics
Ethnicity• Ethnicity:
• set of cultural characteristics that distinguishes one group from another group
• Ethnic Group: • People who share a common cultural
background and a common sense of identity • Remember:
– Ethnicity is based on cultural considerations– Race is based on physical considerations
Minority GroupsMinority Group: a group of people who – because of their physical characteristics or cultural practices – are singled out and unequally treated.Minority group size
no particular skin color, physical feature, or ethnic background is superior or inferior by nature!
Minority Groups: Characteristicsidentifiable physical or cultural
characteristics different than those in the dominant group
treated unequal by dominant group Membership to group is an ascribed
statusGroup members share a bond
Group loyalty Tend to practice endogamy
Minorities in the United States
Page 247 Go over answers
On separate piece of paper: Read connection to history page
245 Answer ‘Think about it’ 1 & 2
Japanese Americans 1913 – Alien Land Law
restricted land ownership by foreigners
Which reason why people discriminate does this align with?
gain benefits for own group Think about it question 1: Labeled as disloyal Japanese Americans moved to internment camps
Blamed Japanese Americans for Pearl Harbor – what is this called?
Scapegoating
Patterns of Minority Group TreatmentGet into groups of 4 (Page 243)
Divide up the work – each student gets 2 patterns of treatment
Independently - Define treatment – define any given terms involved with the concept & Give example
When complete share with your group what you found – make sure it is in your own words!
New Day
Shoplifting Statistics More than $13 billion worth of goods
are stolen from retailers each year. That’s more than $25 million per day.
55 percent of adult shoplifters say they started shoplifting in their teens
Shoplifting is often not a premeditated crime, 72 percent of juvenile shoplifters don’t plan to steal in advance.
Shoplifting Statistics 89 percent of kids say they know other
kids who shoplift. 66 percent say they hang out with those kids
Shoplifters say they are caught an average of only once in every 48 times they steal. They are turned over to the police 50 percent of the time.
Vast majority of shoplifters are “non-professionals” who steal, not out of criminal intent, financial need or greed but as a response to social and personal pressures in their life
Shoplifting Statistics Drug addicts, who have become addicted
to shoplifting, describe shoplifting as equally addicting as drugs.
33 percent of juveniles say it is hard for them to stop shoplifting even after getting caught.
Most non-professional shoplifters don’t commit other types of crimes. They never steal an ashtray from your house and will return to you a $20 bill you may have dropped. Their criminal activity is restricted to shoplifting.
Writing Response Imagine that you are a business owner
of a store that is struggling financially with theft.
1. Yes or No: Should teenagers be subject to more intensive surveillance while shopping than other age groups?
2. Yes or No Should teenagers be required to wear special badges?
3. What would be some options for surveillance aimed towards teenagers?
Race Profiling 1. How does the previous situation
apply to racial profiling? Racial Profiling: the use of an
individual’s race or ethnicity by law enforcement personnel as a key factor in deciding whether to engage in enforcement
*Read Racial profiling article Writing response
Group work Discussion worksheet
In December 2001, an American citizen of Middle Eastern descent named Assem Bayaa cleared all the security checks at Los Angeles airport and attempted to board a flight to New York. Upon boarding, he was told that he made the passengers uncomfortable by being on board the plane and was asked to leave. Once off the plane, he wasn't searched or questioned any further and the only consolation he was given was a boarding pass for the next flight.
“Driving While Black” The term "Driving While Black" arose
as a play on the U.S Crime "Driving While Intoxicated". It refers to the Criminalization of black drivers. Black drivers felt that they were being pulled over by law enforcement officers simply because of their skin color.
Racial profiling facts D you believe that racial profiling
happens in our society? Polls show that a majority of both
African Americans and whites believe that racial profiling is ‘widespread.’
True/False: People of color are most of the drug users and sellers.
Racial profiling is based on false assumptions: Myth 1: people of color are most of the
drug users and sellers. Studies show that each racial groups uses and sells in proportion to their percentages in the population (whites are 70% of the population and 70% of all users and sellers; blacks are 15% and 15% of all users and sellers
Myth: People of color commit ‘most’ crime. – Which types of crime are predominantly committed by whites? Corporate and white collar crime (financial
fraud) are not investigated or prosecuted as seriously as ‘street crime’ even though they cost victims and tax payers billions of dollars more.
Does it exist? Are African Americans and Latinos stopped and searched more than whites?
-Studies show large differences in the rate of stops and searches for African Americans and Latinos even though these groups are not more likely than whites to have drug or weapon contraband Racial profiling is ineffective: Studies of traffic stops show that people of color are no more likely and very often less likely to have drugs or weapons than whites
What would you do? Racial Profiling
Part two
New Day
"You do not wipe away the scars of centuries by saying: 'now, you are free to go where you want, do as you desire, and choose the leaders you please.' You do not take a man who for years has been hobbled by chains, liberate him, bring him to the starting line of a race, saying, 'you are free to compete with all the others,' and still justly believe you have been completely fair . . . This is the next and more profound stage of the battle for civil rights. We seek not just freedom but opportunity—not just legal equity but human ability—not just equality as a right and a theory, but equality as a fact and as a result."
President Johnson 1965
Affirmative Action What is it? positive steps taken to increase the
representation of women and minorities in areas of employment, education, and business from which they have been historically excluded.
Color blind society?What are the concerns with
affirmative action?
Myths about Affirmative Action 1. Affirmative action may have been necessary 30 years ago but the playing field is fairly level today
Progress has been made but the playing field is far from level. Women continue to earn 76 cents for every male dollar. Black people continue to have twice the unemployment rate of White people and twice the rate of infant mortality
Without affirmative action the percentage of Black students at many selective schools would drop to only 2% of the student body – taking away Black access to top universities
2. Myth: a large percentage of White workers will lose out if affirmative action is continued
There are 1.3 million unemployed Black civilians and 112 million employed White civilians – even if every unemployed Black worker in the United States were to displace a White worker, only 1% of Whites would be affected. Affirmative action only pertains to job-qualified applicants, so the actual percentage of affected Whites would be a small fraction of 1%. Main sources of job loss among White workers are due to factory relocations and labor contracting outside of the United States and corporate downsizing
3. Myth: If Jewish people and Asian Americans can rapidly advance economically, African Americans should be able to do the same
Unique history of discrimination against Black people in America – Blacks have a 375 year history on this continent: 245 involving slavery, 100 involving legalized discrimination, and only 50 involving anything else. Jews and Asians are populations that immigrated to North America and included doctors, lawyers, professors, and entrepreneurs among their ranks. To expect Blacks to show the same upward mobility as Jews and Asians is to deny the historical and social reality that Black people face
4. Myth: Support for affirmative action means support for preferential selection procedures that favor unqualified candidates over qualified candidates
Most supporters of affirmative action oppose this type of preferential selection. Selection among equally qualified candidates is the preferred procedure
5. Myth: Affirmative action is reverse discrimination
Job discrimination is grounded in prejudice and exclusion whereas affirmative action is an effort to overcome institutionalized discrimination through inclusion.
Quotas versus considerationFire department article
1 and 2 can use bullet points3 complete sentences
Hate crime: occur when someone targets a victim because of his or her perceived membership in a social group (race, religious, sexual orientation, disability, ethnicity). It is an additional charge to a crime
Hate incident: this could include bullying someone due to their social group
Most commonly used for racial hate crimesFirst hate crime laws passed after the
Civil War to combat growing number of racially motivated crimes being committed by Klu Klux Klan
2010 stats: Hispanic and Black hate crimes actually on the riseOverall, hate crimes increased 2% from
2007 to 2008attacks on blacks increased 8%,
accounting for seven of every 10 race-motivated crimes.
election of the first black president and hot-button issues such as abortion and gay marriage contributed to the spikes
U.S. Issued First Anti-Gay Hate Crime Indictment In Kentucky Attack Case at the start of 2012
Most recently in Chicago
What would you do?
Writing Response Do you think hate crimes should
exist as additional punishment to crimes against people due to a group they belong to? Defend your reasoning with 3 supports
The Media and Race
Timothy McVeighOklahoma City bombing was a terrorist bomb attack on the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in downtown Oklahoma City on April 19, 1995.
The Oklahoma blast claimed 168 lives, including 19 children under the age of 6 injured more than 680 people
Compare http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_McVeigh#Childhood
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisal_ShahzadCrimes committed by minorities often lead to a generalization to all in the groupExample: 9/11 – lead to racial profiling Oklahoma bomber – did not lead to all whites being generalized as bombers
Race in the media First Black President: November 4,
2008First leading role for a Black princess
in a Disney movie? December 2009
Read article and answer questionsWhat are the consequences of the
media’s message: What would you do theft What would you do vandalism
Implicit prejudice
True colors – Racial discrimination in everyday life
2/2
The doll test Where do these prejudices thoughts come from at such an
early age?
"White" names: Kristen, Greg, Neil, Emily, Brett, Anne, and Jill. "Black" names: Kareem, Tamika, Rasheed, Ebony, Aisha, and Tyrone. Resumes with "black-sounding" names had a significantly lower percent of receiving a response to their resume, while resumes with "white-sounding" names had a higher call back percentage.The study found as much discrimination in less-skilled jobs, such as cashiering and mailroom attendants, as in more heavily skills-based positions such as regional sales manager and assistant to the president jobs. Did resume screeners simply assumed that, as a legacy of deeply-rooted, ingrained, and now almost-unconscious racism , blacks were less qualified than whites.?
Socioeconomic status How does socioeconomic status
impact different areas of life? Page 20
Page 21 & 22 Life on minimum wage
Computer Lab Implicit racism?
White privilege
New DayInterview neighbor on gender role
survey – calculate mean Gender stereotypes:It’s good to be a girl It’s good to be a boy
gender differences? Gender expectations true/false
discussionAssign children book assignment
Gender Differences Gender is a social construct (society creates
it)– it is something we do Manhood: independence, aggressiveness, and
achievement orientation Womanhood: nurturing, emotional, dependence,
selflessness, and relationship orientation Judged positively if comply with social
expectations and negatively if they do not. Men are commonly referred to as ‘whimps’ for
showing ‘feminine’ qualities Women are referred to negatively if they
exhibit ‘masculine’ characteristics of assertiveness
Review of Children’s BookI’m Glad I’m a Boy/I’m Glad I’m a Girl
book Feminist approach – oppression and
inequality Gender stereotypes encourage the oppression of
womenChildren’s book from your time – how
has it changed? No longer saying it out right but is it
showing the expected roles being done?
Women in America, equality is still an illusion article Children take in these messages
From birth (and earlier!) Want to know sex of unborn child, why?
Choose gender appropriate clothes and decorations
Give gender stereotyped toys before preschool years Boys: vehicles and sports equipmentGirls: dolls and domestic toys
Parent interaction difference for gender Chores assigned in a gender stereotypical
fashion Father sole breadwinner: spend three times
more time with sons directly interacting in play Genderless child
High levels of expected equality in household for marriage (college aged women and men) 82-94% endorsing equality in various domains in married life
Rated equality very important in their own marriage
Despite significant attitude changes – actual dynamics of heterosexual relationships have changed very little Greater power difference between partners
more dysfunctional and unsatisfying the marriage
Women are working significantly more, than why are we still not seeing equality in domestic responsibilities?
Even women who are employed shoulder nearly 80% of the ‘second shift’ of household chores and child care.
Men today are more involved with rearing children than previous generations and helping their wives more in pregnancy and taking on more responsibilities Still: In reported ‘equal’ relationships men did only 19% as much routine housework as women -men/women compare to older generations giving them false perceptions
Why? Media Children’s books , Movies, television, magazineThink of your Disney movies – what are the typical ro
les for females? Males? Gender-based economic system
Corporations don’t offer opportunities for men to be home with children
Women are left to make a choice to get more flexible hours
Myths about moms working Studies found no correlation or positive impacts from
maternal employment No effect on mother-child relationship, no impact
on children’s self assessment, no impact on children’s intellectual ability
So why the myth?
Discuss my son is gay article Impact of gender expectations
What would you do – son wants a doll
Sexual Orientation InequalityDon’t ask don’t tell
December 21, 1993, to September 20, 2011.
Laws against same-sex marriage – is it a state or federal decision?
First state to grant marriage licenses to same-sex couples? Date?
- Massachusetts - 2004 Other states? California, Connecticut, Delaware, Iowa, Maine, Maryland,
Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, Vermont, Washington, D.C., and Illinois will take effect in June 2014
- California – between June 16, 2008 and November 4, 2008 – but then Proposition 8 prohibited same-sex marriage
Civil unions? *upheld by state – not a federal law – so not allowed federal benefits: *Joint taxes cannot be filed, social security survivors’ and spousal benefits not permitted, marriages are not recognized in other states that do not have the same laws – so what happens if your partner ends up in the hospital on vacation? (unlike marriage laws which are federal) California, Colorado, Delaware, Hawaii, Maine, Maryland, Nevada, Oregon, Rhode Island, Wisconsin, Illinois, and Washington.
Referring to the definitionWR: Was Don’t Ask Don’t Tell Discrimination? Why or why not?
Are laws against gay marriage discrimination why or why not?
Discrimination in schools?Task 1: Article read: Psychologists and
LGBTQ Complete worksheet
Task 2: given 1 of three packet articlesComplete writing response on back of LGBTQ worksheet and number each of the following: 1. Few sentence summary 2. Few sentence reflection 3. 2 Discussion questions