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Prelude to Reformation: Northern Ren.
• Luther did not have first reform movement
• Most important characteristic of Northern Humanism was REFORM
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Prelude to Reformation: Northern Ren.
• Erasmus–Symbol of the movement–Praise of Folly
• Thomas More–Utopia
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Martin Luther• 1505 caught in thunderstorm
• 1512 received doctorate, became professor @ U. of Wittenberg
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Martin Luther• According to Luther:
–Justification by faith alone
–Bible sole authority•Known as the twin pillars of the Protestant Reformation
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Martin Luther• Indulgence controversy:
–Leo X needed to finance St. Peter’s Basilica
– Johann Tetzel: “as soon as the coin in the coffer rings, the soul from purgatory springs”
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Martin Luther• In response to
indulgences being abused, Luther issued his Ninety- Five Theses
• Leo X responded to Luther as “some drunken German who will amend his ways when he sobers up”
• 1519: debate w/ Johann Eck–Luther denied the
authority of popes
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Martin Luther• 3 Pamphlets in 1520:
– 1. Address to the Nobility of the German Nation ….written in German, called for princes to establish a reformed German Church
– 2. The Babylonian Captivity of the Church …written in Latin, argued for only 2 sacraments (Baptism & Eucharist)
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Martin Luther• 3 Pamphlets cont.
–3. On the Freedom of a Christian Man …faith alone, not good works (“Good works do not make a good man, but a good man does good works”)
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Martin Luther• Excommunicated in
Jan. of 1521
• Diet of Worms (1521)– Emperor Charles V
asked Luther to recant
– Luther refused
• Edict of Worms– Luther made an
outlaw
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Martin Luther• Peasants’ War
–Social discontent got intertwined with religious revolt
–Peasants looked to Luther for support
–Luther responds with his pamphlet: Against the Robbing and Murdering Hordes of Peasants
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Charles V• 1519: Charles I of Spain
(Maximilian’s grandson) was elected HRE as Charles V
• Faced FOUR major problems: –1. French–2. Turks–3. Papacy–4. Germany’s internal disorder
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Charles V’s 4 problems• 1. French
(Hapsburg-Valois Wars-1521-59):–French king, Francis I encircled by Hapsburg land
• 2. Turks: Ottoman Turks progressing west, overran Hungary & moved into Austria (peace in 1545)
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Charles V’s 4 problems• 3. Papacy:
Fearful of Charles’ power in Italy, Pope Clement VII sided w/ the French in the second Hap.-Val. Wars…1527 Rome was sacked
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Charles V’s 4 problems
• 4. German internal issues: –1530: Diet of Augsburg…Charles demanded that all Lutherans return to Catholicism by April 1531 (Schmalkaldic League formed)
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Charles V’s 4 problems• 4. German internal
issues: cont. – 1555: Peace of
Augsburg …division of Christianity formally acknowledged, Lutheranism granted same legal rights as Catholicism • Right of the German ruler to determine the religion of his subjects, not the right of the subjects to choose their religion
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Zwingli & the Swiss Ref.
• Swiss Confederation: – 13 self-governing
states (cantons)– Technically part of
the HRE, but they have been basically independent since Swiss forces defeated Maximilian (1499)
• Weak economy – Used to selling
soldiers as mercenaries
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Zwingli & the Swiss Ref.• Ulrich Zwingli
(1484-1531)–Strongly
influenced by Christian Humanism
–Looked to the state to supervise church
–Relics abolished
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Zwingli & the Swiss Ref.
–All paintings and decorations removed
–Music eliminated
–Disagreed with Luther over the Lord’s Supper (Marburg colloquy )
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Zwingli & the Swiss Ref.
• Zwingli: Believed “This is my Body, This is my blood” should be taken figuratively, not literally
• Luther: insisted on the real presence of the body and blood of Jesus
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Radical Reformation: Anabaptists
• Especially attractive to peasants, weavers, miners who were effected by economic changes
• Advocated adult rather than infant baptism
Thomas Müntzer was one of the founders of the Anabaptist movement.
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Radical Reformation: Anabaptists
• Followed strict type of democracy, where all believers are equal
• Believed in complete separation of church and state
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Henry VIII• Wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon–b/c she did not produce a male heir
–Fell in love with Anne Boleyn
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Henry VIII• Pope Clement VII
refused–Possibly would
have been granted…but in 1527 Rome was sacked, made pope dependent on HRE• Charles V was nephew of Catherine
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Henry VIII• Abolished papal
authority in England
• Divorced Catherine, married Anne Boleyn– 3 months later had
future Queen Elizabeth
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Henry VIII• 1534—
Parliament completed break of the Church of England with Rome–Passed the Act of Supremacy & Treason Act
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Henry VIII• Little changed
within the doctrine, theology, & ceremony–Since most religious doctrines remained the same, most people were indifferent to the new Church of England
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Henry VIII
• 1536-Beheaded Anne Boleyn on charges of adultery
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Henry VIII• Third wife —Jane
Seymour, produced male heir…died in childbirth
• Fourth wife---Anne of Cleves (German princess)…Henry VIII divorced her because of her looks
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Henry VIII• 5th wife---
Catherine Howard …committed adultery and was beheaded
• 6th wife--- Catherine Parr…outlived the king
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Beheaded
Died
Divorced
Beheaded
Survived
Divorced
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Edward VI Jane Seymour
Mary I
Elizabeth I
Henry VIII
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Edward VI• Anglican Church moved in a more Protestant direction
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Mary• Devout Roman Catholic
• Not popular with British people
–Married Philip II of Spain
–Burned 300 Protestants at the stake
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Elizabeth• Elizabethan
Settlement
• Politique – moderate– Hierarchy, elaborate
robes and traditional services for Catholics
– Service in English and priests could marry for Protestants
• Foreign Policy supported Netherlands against SP
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John Calvin (1509-64)• Second
generation of reformers
• Influenced by Luther
• Agreed with justification by faith alone
• Institutes of the Christian Religion
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John Calvin (1509-64)
• 2 sacraments–Baptism–Lord’s Supper
• Predestination–God had predestined some to be saved, others to be damned
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Geneva “City of Saints”
• Genevan Consistory – laymen and pastors – Christianize
• Regulated all aspects of life – no dancing, card playing, drinking
• Religious Refugees see Geneva as a model
• Becomes international brand of Protestantism– : John Knox – Presbyterian Church
Scotland– Huguenots in France and Puritans in
New Eng.
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Catholic/Counter Reformation
• Council of Trent–Called by Pope Paul III–Council reaffirmed traditional
Church teachings• Faith & good works• 7 sacraments• Transubstantiation • Purgatory
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Catholic/Counter Reformation
• Holy Office – official agency to combat heresy – not left to locals
• Index of Prohibited Books • Ended simony (sale of church
offices)• Ended sale of indulgences• Ended pluralism – bishops had to
live in dioceses they served
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Catholic/Counter Reformation
• Society of Jesus–Known as the Jesuits–Founded by Ignatius
of Loyola• Injured in battle• Unable to continue life
as a soldier, vowed to become soldier for God
• The Spiritual Exercises
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Catholic/Counter Reformation
• Society of Jesus–pursued 3 major
activities:• Established highly
disciplined schools• Mission work in New
World and Asia• Determined to carry
the Catholic banner and fight Protestantism (Southern Netherlands and Poland)
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Reformation & Women
• Favored clerical marriage• Taught women should follow
biblical vocation–Mother–Housewife
• Husband + wife = co-workers
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Reformation & Women
• End of monasteries = loss of a vocation for European women
• In protestant cities harsh penalties for prostitution
• Women suffer the brunt of the witch craze
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Miguel de Cervantes
• worked for a Spanish Cardinal• Fought in the Battle of Lepanto• Slave in Algiers• Tax collector• Don Quixote
– Wrote during the Golden Age of Spain– 1 of the greatest literary works of all
time
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Shakespeare
• During the Golden Age of England (“Elizabethan Age”)
• Wrote histories, comedies, tragedies• Romeo & Juliet (1597)• Hamlet (1603)• Othello (1604)• King Lear (1605)• Macbeth (1606)