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Prepare yourself and the organisation1. Know the basic arguments for POP2. Understand why POP implementation
can fail3. Understand how POP relates to other
policing concepts4. Understand how problem solving fits
with other policing modes6. Know your agency’s strengths and
limitations7. Articulate your vision8. Manage organisational change9. Clarify roles and responsibilities10. Get the right people and train them
properly
Structure your agency to facilitate POP10. Decide whether to specialise or
generalise problem solving11. Decentralise the organization where
possible; centralise where necessary12. Develop systems to identify and
define problems13. Develop the agency’s capacity to
analyse problems14. Develop the agency’s capacity to
assess problems15. Optimise employee performance
Put POP in action16. Affix responsibility for addressing problems17. Provide administrative support for problem solvers18. Manage officers’ time to facilitate problem solving19. Cultivate and manage effective partnerships20. Document POP projects21. Recognise and celebrate successful problem solving
Make POP part of your legacy22. Monitor organisational
change23. Cultivate constituencies
for POP24. Instill organisational
values and habits conducive to POP
25. Develop your successors
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Prepare Yourself and the Agency
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1. Know basic arguments for POP
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2. Why POP implementation can fail
• Urgent overwhelms the important
• Persistent emphasis on enforcement over prevention
• Inadequate leadership & support
• Champions leave, not replaced
• Reform burnout
• Officers don’t accept POP as “real police work”
• Inability to work with outside partners
• Political turmoil
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3. How POP relates to other concepts
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4. Problem solving & other policing modes
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Modes and Levels of Police Work
Preventive
Patrol
Routine
Incident
Response
Emergency
Response
Criminal
Investigation
Problem
Solving
Macro-level
Intermediate
Micro-level
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Operational
strategy
Work
Unit
Objectives Record
System
Reporting
Requirements
Performance
Standards
Specialized
Training
Processes Accountability
Preventive Patrol None –
ongoing
Prevent and
detect offenses,
promote general
feelings of
security
Daily
activity
reports,
patrol
vehicle
mileage
Daily activity reports Absence of crime,
low levels of citizen
fear, high rates of
police detection of
certain types of
offenses (e.g.,
commercial burglary)
Patrol methods
(random, directed,
conspicuous,
inconspicuous)
Limited – some
officers use
systematic area
coverage patterns
and plans
Limited – some
expectations officers
will detect certain
offenses on their
beats, some
command
accountability for
absence of citizen
complaints about
police presence
Routine Incident
Response
Call Record incident,
resolve dispute,
provide or take
information
Dispatch
records
Report or coded
disposition
Complainant
satisfaction,
no repeat calls that
shift,
fair treatment of
parties, proper
completion of report
Special training by
type of incident
Procedures
according to call
type,
reporting
requirements
Code out call, file
report; accountability
rests with officer
assigned and shift
supervisor
Emergency
Response
Critical
incident
Save life,
interrupt crime,
protect property,
minimize injury
Dispatch
records,
after- action
reports
Critical incident
report
No deaths,
minimal injuries,
order restored
Vehicle operation,
first aid, hostage
rescue, SWAT,
defensive tactics
First aid
procedures,
critical incident
procedures,
triage
Primary officer or
scene commander,
until incident ends
(handed off, if
necessary)
Criminal
Investigation
Case Establish
culpability,
make
prosecutable case,
apprehend
offender,
clear case
Case files Case report and file Case filed by
prosecutor, suspect
apprehended
Death
investigation, crime
scene analysis,
forensics,
interviewing
Criminal
investigative
procedures
Case file deadlines,
case management
(handed off, if
necessary),
rests with detective
assigned, unit
supervisor
Problem-Solving Problem or
project
Reduce harm,
reduce incidence,
eliminate
problem,
improve response
Project files Sometimes none,
project report
Significant reduction
in harm, caused by
intervention, for
reasonable period of
time
Problem-solving
methods
SARA,
CAPRA
Rests with police
chief, district
commander,
supervisor, and
officer
Support Services Program or
procedure
Provide service,
enhance police
legitimacy
Program
reports
Program or budget
reports
Use/popularity of
service
Specific procedures Written procedure
or curriculum
Fiscal
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Police Work Management
Work Unit
Objectives Reports Performance Standards
Training Support Processes Account-ability
Call
Case
Problem
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5. Know agency’s strengths/limitations
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7. Manage organizational change
Understand POP Don’t Understand POP
Support POP X% X%
Oppose POP X% X%
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8. Clarify roles and responsibilities
• Executive staff
• Supervisors
• Patrol officers
• Detectives
• Analysts and records staff
• Communications staff
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9. Get the right people…
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9. …and train them
Police Training Officer & Problem-Based
Learning
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Structure the Agency to Facilitate POP
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10. Generalize or specialize
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11. Decentralize where possible
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12. Systems to identify problems
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Scanning for Problems
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13. Develop analysis capacity
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14. Develop assessment capacity
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Knowledge exists at the touch of a button
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15. Optimize employee performance
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Put POP Into Action
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Project tracking
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Project tracking
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17. Provide administrative support
• Crime analysis
• Supervisory (scheduling, authorization, overcoming bureaucratic obstacles)
• Legal analysis
• Clerical (reports, scheduling meetings)
• Fiscal (for analysis, implementation)
• Outside agencies
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Legal Support
• Constitutional Rights
• Exclusionary Rule
• Fourth Amendment
• Expectations of Privacy
• Warrantless Searches
• Electronic Surveillance
• Entrapment
• Identification Procedures
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Legal Support
• Code Enforcement
• Zoning
• Nuisance Abatement
• Eviction
• Trespass
• Civil Injunction
• Receivership
• Condemnation
• Negligence
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18. Manage officers’ time
• Determine what time is available now
• Differential police responses (DPR)
• Reassess the need for or function of specialized units
• Adopt more efficient responses to high-volume call types
• Reduce other ‘productivity’ demands
• Encourage team problem solving
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19. Cultivate partnerships
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20. Document POP projects
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21. Recognize and celebrate success
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Make POP Part of Your Legacy
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23. Cultivate constituencies
Police
Prosec-utors
Private Citizens
and Groups
Business Com-munity
Academia
Media
Non-Gov’tOrgs.
Other Gov’t
Agencies
Elected Officials
Probation & Parole
Judges
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Cultivate constituencies
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Cultivate constituencies
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24. Instill values and habits
• Focusing on results, not process
• Using data and experience
• Collaborating
• Sharing responsibility for problems
• Acting ethically
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Police Methods for Shifting Responsibility
Engaging and supporting the community
Making an informal request
Educating
Engaging an existing organization
Advocating for a new organization
Making a confrontational request
Public shaming
Withdrawing police service
Charging fees for police service
Mandating through legislation
Bringing a civil action