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Present continuous – future use
We can use the present continuous for the
future when we are talking about an
arrangement. This could be an
arrangement with somebody else.
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For example:
• I’m going to the cinema with Darren
tonight.
Or just with ourselves …
• Really? I’m staying in and watching TV.
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The important thing is that something
happened before now.
Sometimes there is very little difference
between the present continuous
(arrangement) and going to (intention from
before now).
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Present simple – future use
We can use the present simple for the future
when we are talking about facts,
e.g. timetables and fixed times.
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The train leaves at six o’clock.
Manchester United play Liverpool on Saturday.
The course ends next week.
The film starts at eight o’clock.
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Of course, somebody arranged all these
things, but it isn’t necessary to say so.
They are not intentions either. They are
simple facts, so we use the present
simple.
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Look at the sentences below. For each
one, choose the better answer A or B
I asked you to give this to Mr. Hinton.
A. It’s OK, I’ll give it to him after lunch.
B. It’s OK, I’m going to give it to him after
lunch.
Would you like to go to the football match on
Saturday?
A. Sorry, I’m visiting my grandmother.
B. Sorry, I visit my grandmother.
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What’s the problem – are we late?
A. Well, the film will start at seven o’clock.
B. Well, the film starts at seven o’clock.
This soup’s awful.
A. I know. So are you going to tell the
waiter?
B. I know. So are you telling the waiter?
Have you told your Father yet?
A. No, I do it later.
B. No, I’m going to do it later.
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Oh, I forgot to bring the car keys.
A. It’s OK, I’m going back and getting them.
B. It’s OK, I’ll go back and get them.
Are you coming to the meeting this afternoon?
A. No, I’m seeing the dentist.
B. No, I’ll see the dentist.
Oh, I’ve spilt my coffee.
A. Don’t worry, I’ll get you another one.
B. Don’t worry, I get you another one.
Sir, Mr. Andrews wants to speak to you.
A. Tell him I’m calling him back in a minute.
B. Tell him I’ll call him back in a minute.
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11_05
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Places and Buildings
1. The side of a river.
A. shore
B. bank
2. An important church, usually quite large.
A. temple
B. cathedral
3. The process of becoming weaker or poorer.
A. decline
B. recline
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4. Business involving money.
A. economy
B. exchange
5. Something you sell in other countries.
A. extract
B. export
6. Very interesting.
A. fastening
B. fascinating
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7. Popular clothes, car or music.
A. fashionable
B. common
8. A type of work, making things in factories.
A. fabric
B. industry
9. Someone who comes into a country to
take the land.
A. invader
B. income
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10. A small hill, sometimes man-made.
A. mound
B. mount
11. A town beside the sea with a harbour.
A. dock
B. port
12. Political control.
A. reign
B. rule
13. To move into a place and live there.
A. settle
B. sink
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15. To continue to exist.
A. survive
B. survey
16. A simple castle.
A. tower
B. palace
17. Buying and selling things to make money.
A. trade
B. purchase
18. Rich
A. wealthy
B. valuable
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York Many important events have happened in
York’s long history. In 71 AD, the Romans
built a camp at the place where the rivers
Ouse and Fosse meet. They called this
Eboracum. A town slowly grew beside it
and in time this became one of the leading
cities of the Roman Empire.
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In the seventh century the Saxons settled
within the walls of the Roman fort. They
also built a little wooden church. There has
been a church on this site ever since. The
present one, which dates from the
thirteenth century, is the great cathedral of
York Minster.
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In 867 York was captured by Danish
invaders and the town grew into an
important port and centre for trade. Danish
rule continued until 944, when King
Edmund defeated them. In later years the
city became part of the Anglo-Saxon
kingdom of England.
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In 1066 England was invaded by Normans
under William the Conqueror. When
William came to York he built two wooden
castles on earth mounds, one each side of
the River Ouse. The one on the east bank
was destroyed in 1190. The stone building
which stands there today, Clifford’s tower,
was built as a replacement in the
thirteenth century.
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By the Middle Ages, York was one of the
main religious centres of England. Besides
the cathedral there were more than 40
churches, and some of these have
survived up to the present day. The city
continued to be important as a port and
trading centre. England’s chief export at
the time was wool, and much of it left the
country from York.
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In 1533 King Henry VIII took England out of
the Roman Catholic Church. Because so
much of York’s economy was in the hands
of the churches, the city suffered greatly.
Its decline continued until the eighteenth
century, when it began to be a fashionable
place to live and visit. Many wealthy
people from all over the north of England
built town houses in the city.
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In the nineteenth century York became an important railway centre, and this has continued ever since.
Also, two families who sold chocolate from shops, Rowntree’s and Terry’s, built factories. These have grown into York’s leading industry.
Since, then some new industries have arrived, but York is still a city where visitors can walk along ancient streets and experience its long and fascinating history.
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Are the sentences below true or
false? The town of Eboracum was built by the
Romans.
There has been a Saxon church in York since
the seventh century.
York has been ruled by Danes, Anglo-Saxons
and Normans.
Clifford’s Tower was built by William the
Conqueror.
In the Middle Ages, York was a major port for
the export of wool.
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King Henry VIII destroyed all the old
churches in York.
York’s economy declined in the sixteenth
century.
Many rich people moved to York because
of the railways.
The only industry in York today are
railways and chocolate.
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Now look at the following pairs
of sentences. All of them are
similar to the sentences in the
text. For each pair decide which
you think is correct.
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1.a. Many important events happened in York’s
long history.
b. Many important events have happened in
York’s long history.
2.a. In the seventh century the Saxons built a
wooden church in York.
b. In the seventh century the Saxons have built
a wooden church in York.
3.a. There was a church on this site since the
seventh century.
b. There has been a church on this site since
the seventh century.
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4.a. Danish invaders captured York in 867.
b. Danish invaders have captured York in
867.
5.a. William the Conqueror built two
wooden castles beside the River Ouse.
b. William the Conqueror has built two
wooden castles beside the River Ouse.
6.a. One of them stood until 1190.
b. One of them has stood until 1190.
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7.a. Some churches from the Middle Ages
survived until the present day.
b. Some churches from the Middle Ages have
survived until the present day.
8.a. In the Middle Ages, England’s chief export
was wool.
b. In the Middle Ages, England’s chief export
has been wool.
9.a. New industries arrived since the nineteenth
century.
b. New industries have arrived since the
nineteenth century.
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Past simple
We use the past simple for events in the
past where:
We say the time of the event.
We know the time of the event.
The time of the event is important.
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Present perfect
We use the present perfect for events in the
past:
When the event started in the past and is
still happening now.
When the time of the event isn’t important.
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Although these events happened in
the past, or began in the past, the
important time is now. That’s why
we call it the present perfect
tense.