IAR Journal of Agriculture Research and Life Sciences ISSN Print : 2708-5090 | ISSN Online : 2708-5104 Frequency : Monthly Language : English Origin : Kenya Website : https://www.iarconsortium.org/journal-info/iarjals
104
Present Status of Turkey Rearing in Selected Areas of Patuakhali
District
Abstract: The present study was conducted to know the present status of turkey
production, existing system of rearing, feeding and management practices of turkey
production in Patuakhali district of Bangladesh during March 2020 to September 2020. A
total of 10 turkey raisers were surveyed from different Upazilla of Patuakhali region. The data were collected about status of farmers, size of the farm, rearing system, feed intake,
breeding policy, management practices and production performances. Among 10 turkey
keepers 57% were women and their occupation were housewife remaining 43% were men and their occupation were business and farming. No vaccination schedule was maintained
by most of farmers. Among them only 43% farmers vaccinated against only RDV, Fowl
Pox, Coryza diseases. Hosing system were mainly traditional housing system which are practiced by most of the rural farmers. They have very little idea about breed or variety,
management procedure and prevention of diseases. We know in Bangladesh there is no
specific feeding standard of turkey as like as broiler and layer chicken. Most of the farmers fed the birds using broiler and layer feed along supplemented with kitchen waste, water
hyacinth different grasses etc. For this reason more research needed to develop feeding
standard of turkey, improvement of production, and their suitability in rearing all over the area of Bangladesh..
Keywords: Turkey farming, present status, management practices and profit.
INTRODUCTION
Bangladesh is foremost an agricultural country where agriculture
sector plays a crucial role to accelerating the economic growth .It is
therefore important to have a profitable, sustainable and environmental
friendly economy to ensure long term food security for people. Livestock
sub-sector contributes 35 to 40% alone to overall agriculture sector and
1.53% of the total GDP (MOFL 2019). Already Bangladesh achieved
self-sufficiency in meat production and very close to self-sufficiency in
egg production (DLS 2019). In Bangladesh, poultry makes a substantial
contribution to food security and nutrition in a short production cycles
(Tempio 2017). Farmers prefer poultry species instead of cattle, sheep
and goat because of low investment and quick return (Asaduzzaman
2017).
In order to maximize food production and meat production
requirement in developing countries variable options need to be explored and evaluated (Owen 2008). One of the
alternative options can be turkey production because this species occupies an important global position next to chicken
and duck.
Turkeys are classed in the family of Phasianidae in the taxonomic order of Galliformes. Turkey rearing in Bangladesh
has been started may be 5-6 years back. Within this period, a good number of enthusiastic farmers started turkey rearing.
Now a day’s turkey rearing farmers spared all over the country. Turkey meat is considered as luxury meat. Turkey meat
has already popular and well accepted by the consumers; therefore turkey production is an important and highly
profitable agricultural industry with rising global demand for its products (Yakubu et al., 2013).
Turkey plays a significant role in supplying of animal protein in western countries, particularly in Europe and
America (Ahmed et al., 2009). The birds are reared especially for meat purposes. Because turkey meat is considered one
of the leanest meat among all domestic poultry species. Many consumers consider turkey meat precisely the heritage
turkey meat as a luxury one and willing to pay more due to its special taste, texture and quality.
Turkey have unique remarkable phenomena in adaptability to wide range of climatic conditions and can be raised
successfully almost everywhere in the world if they are well fed and protected against disease, predators and adverse
weather conditions (Bhanja and Majumdar, 2001). Furthermore, the birds have a special attribute for scavenging, ability
to consume huge green grass. Now a day’s turkey production gaining popularity all over the country.
Article History
Received: 26.01. 2021
Revision: 08. 02. 2021
Accepted: 19. 02 .2021
Published: 28. 02. 2021
Author Details Mahbuba Sultana1*, Sharmila Islam2
and Tanni
Chanda3
Authors Affiliations 1Department of Poultry Science, Patuakhali Science
and Technology University, Babugonj, Barisal, 8210, Bangladesh.
2Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary
Medicine, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Babugonj, Barisal, 8210, Bangladesh.
3Department of Dairy Science, Patuakhali Science
and Technology University, Babugonj, Barisal,
8210, Bangladesh.
Corresponding Author* Mahbuba Sultana
How to Cite the Article: Mahbuba Sultana, Sharmila Islam & Tanni Chanda
(2021). Present Status of Turkey Rearing in
Selected Areas of Patuakhali District. IAR J Agri
Res Life Sci, 2(1), 104-111.
Copyright @ 2021: This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution license which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium for non commercial use (NonCommercial, or CC-BY-NC) provided the original author and source are credited.
Research Article
Mahbuba Sultana, et al., IAR J Agri Res Life Sci; Vol-2, Iss-1 (Jan-Feb -2021): 104-111.
105
Therefore, the study has been undertaken to
investigate the present status, management, production
system of turkey in Patuakhali district of Bangladesh.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Study location
Turkey farming in Bangladesh is new and growing
entrepreneurs and people are interested with this
business. All over the country turkey farming is spread
but availability and density is not same. We surveyed
different region of patuakhali district to find out the
scope, management system, rearing method and
problem they faced during turkey rearing.
Patuakhali is a district in South-
central Bangladesh in the Barisal Division. This district
is the main entrance for the beach of Kuakata. It is
adjacent to the Bay of Bengal. The area of the district is
3220.15 km2. Patuakhali city is surrounded on three
sides by rivers. The two major rivers are Laukathi and
Lohalia, which are directly connected with the Bay of
Bengal. A number of different tribal peoples live in the
district. The study was conducted with Bohalgachia,
Durgapur, Mirjagonj, Kalikapur, Patuakhali Sadar,
Paschim Alipur Dashmina, Kolagachia, Chandokhali,
and Baufol of Patuakhali district.
Study design
Observational study
Study duration
March 2020 to September 2020.
Sample size
10 turkey farm
Data collection procedure
A total no of 10 turkey farms were surveyed with face
to face interview method.
Questionnaire design
A pre-structured questionnaire survey was used to
collect relevant information through on farm visit. Data
were collected by face to face interaction with the
responded farmers, repeated questioning and
observation of bird concerning the following points:
1) Farm size
2) Age of bird
3) Breed/ variety
4) No of tom
5) No of hen
6) No of poult
7) Housing pattern and floor
8) Feeding system
9) Feed supply
10) Rearing system
11) Vaccination and medication
12) Diseases treatment, causes of death
13) Mortality
14) Marketing system
15) Management practices
16) Cost( housing, feed, other)
17) Profit
Statistical analysis
Data analyzed in total and mean form.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Background characteristics of farmers
Among 10 farms, 60% respondents are female and
remaining 40% were male. Though Bangladesh is an
agricultural country and agricultutal farming is dominat
by male farmer. But in rural household livestock sector
mainly in poultry is controlled by women, those
strongly engaged with farming. The minimum age of
the respondants is 25 years and the maximum age is 49
years with the average age is 36.5 years. Among the
farmers 20% involved with business, 20% with farming
and 60% are housewife.
Respondent and bird information
Respondent and bird information are showed in Table 1
Table 01
Number of
farms( F)
Respondants Name Number of turkeys Number of
tom
Number of
hen
Number of
poult
F1 Abu Bokkor Siddique 200 50 130 20
F2 Sathi Akter 6 1 5 -
F3 Shefali Akter 17 10 3 4
F4 Mizan Howlader 200 30 70 100
F5 Parbin Begum 16 2 5 9
F6 Aminul Islam 8 1 7 -
F7 Jubaida Begum 10 3 7 -
F8 Kulsum Begum 15 3 12 -
F9 Alom Mirdha 60 10 20 30
F10 Jaheda Begum 26 6 15 5
Total 558 116 274 168
Mean 55.8 11.6 27.4 16.8
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Varieties of turkey
Mainly two commercial turkey varieties are raised
in Bangladesh which are American Black and White
Holland (citation). American Black was dominant in
Bangladesh because of their higher production rate in
Bangladesh. About 55% respondents respond to
American Black as best turkey variety in Sudan (Osama
et al., 2013). In Patuakhali district farmers are raised
mainly American Black (80%), Broad Brested White
and American Black (20%), Bourbon Red (10%), Broad
brested bronze with American Black (10%).
Rearing system
Most of the farmers raised turkey in semi
scavenging system. They raised poult completely
intensive system in enclosed shed in cage. Growing and
adult turkey raised in semi intensive system where a
traditional house facilited with feeder and drinker.
Adult turkeys allowed scavenging in day time.
Poult rearing in cage
Housing
Housing for any poultry rearing depends on the rearing system. In rural area, most of the turkey raisers were small
and medium scale farmers. Houses are generally tin shed with or without concrete floor, some spread brick, some made
thatched house.
Outside view
Inside view
Traditional House
Feed management
Turkey required high protein diet (28%) in ration.
We know there is no specific feeding standard of turkey
like broiler and layer chicken. Farmers fed commercial
broiler starter feed during poult stage along with fresh
clean drinking water. Then during growing stage some
farmers still continue with broiler starter or grower feed
along with different locally available grain with
vegetable and kitchen waste. Some raisers fed different
grain like rice, wheat, boiled vegetables, kitchen waste,
water hyacinth etc. Thus feed cost represents 60% of
total cost in poultry production. Turkeys are good
foragers and consume good amount of tender green
grasses, vegetables, kitchen waste, water hyacinth etc
and transform it into valuable products like (meat and
egg).
Frequency of feed supply
Mahbuba Sultana, et al., IAR J Agri Res Life Sci; Vol-2, Iss-1 (Jan-Feb -2021): 104-111.
107
Farmers supplied fed three times to the bird in the
morning, noon and afternoon. Some farmers always
keep some feed or vegetables in pen or yard where birds
were scavenged.
Litter Management
Farmers used different locally available litter
materials in turkey shed. Table 02 represents different
litter materials used by farmers.
Table 02
Respondents/ Farmers (F) Litter materials
F1 Rice polish and wood shavings
F2 Wood shavings
F3 Wood shavings, rice husk, paper
F4 Wood shavings
F5 Wood shavings
F6 Wood shavings and rice husk
F7 Wood shavings
F8 Rice polish and wood shavings
F9 Wood shavings
F10 Wood shavings, rice husk, paper
Litter materials used by farmers in dry, clean and
fresh condition. Turkeys are heavy birds and
voluminous droppings so need to change frequently and
farmer changed the litter within twice or thrice in a
month.
Vaccination /immunization
According to Hulet et al., 2004 good sanitation,
clean stock, clean premises, and elimination of other
birds and animals that may carry disease organisms are
important for maintaining a healthy flock. Genetically,
turkey is more resistant to diseases (such as Marek's and
Infectious Bronchitis) than other poultries. Most of the
farmers are not conscious about vaccination as a result
diseases outbreak occurs randomly and destroy most of
the flock. Farmers mostly do vaccination only for New
castle disease, Fowl pox and Fowl cholera. Jahan
(2018) showed that 36.96% farmers had encountered
diseases like New Castle, Fowl cholera, Fowl pox,
Mycoplasmosisetc. Following chart represent the
vaccination which fooled by farmers in our study area.
Vaccination chart of farms
Hatching of egg
No farmers practiced artificial insemination even
they had no knowledge about it. Natural mating was
practiced by all of the farmers.
Egg production performance
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Generally turkey will start lay from the 30th
week of
age and its production period is 24 weeks from the point
of lay. Under proper feeding and artificial lightening
management turkey hens usually lay between 80-100
eggs per year (Mustasim et al 2019). In our survey
result egg production was 70-80% due to improper
nutrition, management, lack of scientific knowledge,
improper lighting, stocking density, improper male
female ratio, less awareness about vaccination, diseases,
improper treatment, biosecurity management and other
causes. Table 03 showed that highest egg production
was 75% from F1 farms and lowest egg production was
63% from F4 farms. Other farms like, F2, F3, F5, F6,
F7, F8, F9, F10 farms hen laid 70, 73, 66, 70, 66.67, 71,
73, and 74 respectively.
Table 03
Farms No of laying hen Annual egg production % of egg production
F1 83 6225 75
F2 02 140 70
F3 01 73 73
F4 51 3213 63
F5 02 132 66
F6 02 140 70
F7 03 200 66.67
F8 08 568 71
F9 16 1168 73
F10 10 740 74
Total 178 12599 70.16
Mean 17.8 1259.9 70
Average cost and returns analysis of turkey production
Here we showed F1 farms total cost and return outline among ten farms.
Capital expenditure:
Land: own
Housing cost: Approximately 250 sq. ft for 200 turkeys
= 50000 Taka
Feeder, drinker, laying equipment cost: 10000 Taka
Subtotal capital expenditure= 60000 taka
Recurring expenditure:
Total adult bird: 200 in No
Poult cost: 6000 Taka
Feed cost for 200 turkey in one year @ 110g/ turkey
Daily require: (110*200*365) = 8030 kg @ 40 TK per kg=321200 taka
Labor cost= own labor
Vaccine and medication: 3000 Taka
Subtotal of recurring expenditure= 330200 Taka
Grand total of expenditure= 60000+330200 Taka
=390200 Taka
Income:
Selling of egg 6225eggs per year from 83 hen @ 88 taka per egg, 88* 6225= 547800 taka
Selling of 20 poults @ taka 200 taka per poult = 4000 Taka
Selling of 20 adult turkey 8-9 Kg @ 4000 per turkey= 80000 Taka
Total income =631800 Taka
Net profit for first year = (631800- 390200)
= 241600 taka
Prospects of turkey farming
Turkey farming is a profitable enterprises and it has a
lot of prospects. Some points are discussed below-
Higher production rate
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Production of turkey (weight) is higher than other
chicken. Taste and flavor of meat also unique. Ironkwe
et al., (2007) advocates that turkeys are easier to
manage, have relatively high turnover and quick returns
to capital invested. Turkeys grow faster than broiler
chickens and have a slaughter weight that is about
double of broiler chicken at the age of twelve (12)
weeks. According to Gascoyne (1988), turkey
production has been one of the fastest growing sectors
of the total meat market in North America and Western
Europe where 90% of production occurs.
Low feeding cost
In poultry production system feed cost represent 65-
70 % of total cost if we lower the cost by supplying
lowest cost feed but available in all nutrients then It will
be very beneficial to the farmer. However, other
poultry species such as geese and turkey can obtain
added nutrients from forage because they are better able
to digest fiber due to larger microbial population in
their digestive tracts (Brad 2010).
On the other hand Soliven 1984 reported that
according to opinion of farmers of the Philippines,
turkey rearing is profitable as long as the poults are
properly fed and taken care of and cost of production is
cheap as almost 50% of the feed they eat is green
vegetables and field grasses as supplement to
commercial feeds.
Lower disease rate
Turkey is more disease resistant in comparison to
other poultry species like chicken, duck and quail.
Mortality rate of turkey is very low in comparison to
other poultry bird. Sampath 2012 reported that turkeys
are resistant to Marek's and Infectious bronchitis and
commonly encountered with other diseases like
Mycoplasmosis, Fowl cholera, Erysipelas and
Hemorrhagic enteritis. Most of the farmers do
vaccination only for New Castle disease and Fowl
cholera.
Profitable business
Turkey production is a profitable business. Turkey
grow faster like broiler chicken, become slaughter
purpose within a very short period and its care and
management is comparatively easy. Turkey farming can
be opted as a viable farming, as a little investment is
required for housing, and management (Lariviere, J.M.
et al., 2015).
Higher dressing percentage
The dressing percentage of turkey is 80-87%, which
is highest of all farm species.
Superior meat and egg
The meat of turkey is considered by many peoples
as a luxury meat. The protein, lipid, carbohydrate and
mineral content of turkey egg are 13.1%, 11.8%, 1.7%
and 0.8%, respectively. The cholesterol content is
15.67-23.97 mg/g of yolk. Turkey meat also has high
nutritional and sensorial properties which make it
almost ideal raw material for rational and curative
nutrition. People prefer turkey meat because of its
leanest nature. The protein, fat, and energy contents of
turkey meat are 24%, 6.6%, 162 Calories per 100 g of
meat. Mineral like potassium, calcium, magnesium,
iron, selenium, zinc and sodium are also present in
turkey meat. It is also rich in essential amino acids and
vitamins such as B3 (niacin), vitamin B6 and B12,
unsaturated fatty acids and essential fatty acids, and low
cholesterol contents.
Suitability in our country
Turkey is a unique bird, which is suitable for rearing
in hot humid climatic condition like Bangladesh. In
fact, turkeys are adaptable to wide range of climatic
conditions and can be raised successfully almost
anywhere in the world if they are well fed and protected
against diseases and predators.
Employment for women
The poultry sub-sector is crucially important in the
context of agricultural growth and improvement of diets
particularly important in that it is a significant source of
protein and nutrition in the household's nutritional
intake in Bangladesh. Turkey farming is undoubtedly an
attractive economic activity, especially for the rural
women and poor population in the country (Islam
2003). In our study 60% turkey raiser were women.
Women can easily rear turkey along with their
household work.
Aesthetic value
Turkey rearing is a new farming activity in
Bangladesh, where 34.78, 19.57 and 45.65% of
respondent farmers have been rearing turkey for
ornamental, both egg and meat, and both meat and
ornamental purposes, respectively (Asaduzzaman
2017). Ogundipe 1980 reported that it has an aesthetic
value due to their beauty.
Alternative source of income and nutrition
Turkey bird has a promising potential to be an
alternative to livestock in meat production (Nixey
1986)). Okoruwa 2006 reported that with the continued
rise in the cost of production of cattle, sheep and goat,
which are the primary sources of animal protein in
Nigeria, it has become very necessary to explore
efficient and less common but potential sources of
animal protein for economic viability. Male and female
British United Turkey reached at 16 weeks of age 14.60
kg and 10.25 kg, respectively (BUT 2005). Moreover,
the turkey has high dressing percentage that could
increase to 87% of slaughter weight.
Higher market demand
At present turkey market is limited to some
particular customers as an ornamental bird as well as
for meat purposes and its price is higher than other
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110
poultry species. There are a good number of people in
Bangladesh who are fond of turkey meat now. So there
is huge opportunity to expand turkey market in
Bangladesh.
Opportunity to use artificial insemination technique
As natural mating is not resulting more fertile egg,
so there is an opportunity to promote AI technique in
turkey for the production of commercial hatching eggs.
It will decrease cost for rearing more tom. It is reported
that a well-developed pectoral muscle in turkeys, has
prevented turkey toms to mate naturally (Etches 1996)
and making AI a necessity. Fertility could be improved
in turkeys by using AI. In addition, efficiency of use of
semen could be increased because each tom can
produce enough sperm to inseminate approximately 30
hens (Childress 2003).
Increasing number of interested farmers
Turkey rearing gained a good popularity in our
country among common people in a short period of
time. So farmers are now being more interested in
rearing turkey. If more technical support can be
provided to farmers, this sector can be explored.
Increasing meat popularity
The meat of turkey is considered by many as a
luxury meat. Moreover, it has an aesthetic value due to
their beauty (Ogundipe 1980.). For this reason turkey is
becoming popular gradually in developing countries
like in Bangladesh and numbers of farmers are now
being interested in turkey rearing.
Problems of turkey rearing in Bangladesh
Higher poult mortality
In case of turkey, early mortality of bird is a major
factor. Sometimes they gain leg problem from brooding
period because of slippery litter materials. Starving out
often cause of death of turkey. Still now farmers are not
well aware about special care and management of
younger turkeys.
Lacking of authentic sources of poult
Sources of authentic variety of poult are great
problem in our country. People rear poults from
different source those are not maintain any record of
recognized variety. As a result appropriate feed and
management hampered that effect the production rate.
Poor housing
Farmers are not acquainted with the scientifically
recommended space requirement for rearing turkey.
Actually they provide space on the basis of assumption.
Moreover, they are not aware about using suitable litter
materials and its management. Many farmers never take
special care during extreme hot and cold situation
which ultimately hamper the production performance of
birds.
Lack of knowledge
There is absence of opportunity for capacity
building of turkey farmers in terms of receiving
training, getting information, participating in workshop
and seminar. As most of the concern stakeholders are
not aware enough about turkey farming in Bangladesh,
farmers are not getting required knowledge and skill.
Therefore they are using traditional procedure for
rearing turkey. But egg weight, fertility, hatchability
and late embryonic mortality varied greatly between
traditional and modern breeding management system
(Lariviere 2009).
Outbreak of diseases
Outbreak of diseases is great problem in turkey
production. In our study area many small farm
destroyed due to outbreak of viral diseases. People are
not aware about vaccination as a result many diseases
occurs to the birds.
Adequate marketing facilities
Market of turkey is not like broiler and layer in
Bangladesh. There is absence of well-organized market
for turkey and its products. No structured market value
chain has been identified yet in Bangladesh. Farmers
buy and sell turkey mainly through personal
communication. Turkey selling problems is also
identified in other developing countries as stated by
Peters 1997 in a study conducted on small holder local
turkey production in Ogun State Nigeria, found that sale
of turkeys were more during Christmas and festive
period than other periods of the year
CONCLUSION
It can be concluded that turkey farming in
Pauakhali district can be considered one of the poultry
farming as turkey can be reared in free range or semi
intensive systems especially in rural areas for economic
enhancement of landless laborers, marginal and small
farmers, women and unemployment youth. Free-range
or semi intensive turkey rearing method requires low
investment in facilities and equipment’s and it is a
viable and sustainable bird both for backyard as a rural
poultry and commercial bird in economic point of
view. Turkeys can tolerate tropical climate and Indian
sub-continent is suitable for turkey rearing. Turkey is
new dimension of poultry sector and it has good
prospects in Bangladesh. Though turkey production in
study area was profitable but to increase the production
need to spread the knowledge of turkey rearing among
the farmers, to facilitate proper training, extension work
and creating marketing facilities. By taking proper steps
turkey can be a profitable enterprise in Bangladesh and
also be a part of family poultry.
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