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Communication of Birds &
Animals
Presented by:
Group 3
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Animal communication Introduction
Animal communication is any behaviour on the part of one
animal that has an effect on the current or future behaviour ofanother animal. The study of animal communication
sometimes called Zoosemiotics.
Metacommunications: signals that modify the meaning of
subsequent signals. The best known example is the play faceand tail signals in dogs, which indicate that a subsequent
aggressive signal is part of a play fight rather than a serious
aggressive episode.
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Forms of communication
Gesture
Facial expression
Gaze following
Vocalization
Olfactory communication
Bioluminescence
Electrocommunication
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Functions of communication
Agonistic interaction
Mating rituals
Ownership/territorial
Food-related signals
Alarm calls
Meta-communications
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Interpretation of animal
communication Excitement
Anticipation
Playfulness
Contentment/enjoyment
Relaxation or anxiety
Questioning another animal or a human as to intentions Tentative role assessment on meeting another animal
Reassurance ("I'm hoping to be friendly, are you?")
Brief acknowledgement ("I hear you", or "I'm aware and responsive if youwant my attention")
Statement of interest ("I want that (food/toy/activity), if you're willing") Uncertainty/apprehension
Submissive placation (if worried by a more dominant animal)
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Intraspecies communication:
The majority of animal communication occurs within a single
species, and this is the context in which it has been most
intensively studied.
Most of the forms and functions of communication described
above are relevant to intra-species communication.
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Interspecies communication
Many examples of communication take place between
members of different species. Animals communicate to other
animals with various signs: visual, sound, echolocation, body
language, and smell.
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Prey to predator:
If a prey animal moves or makes a noise in such a way that a
predator can detect and capture it, that fits the definition of
"communication" given above. This type of communication is
known as interceptive eavesdropping, where a predator
intercepts the message being conveyed to conspecifics.
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Predator to prey:
Some predators communicate to prey in ways that change their
behaviour and make them easier to catch, in effect deceiving
them. A well-known example is the angler fish, which has a
fleshy growth protruding from its forehead and dangling in
front of its jaws; smaller fish try to take the lure, and in so
doing are perfectly placed for the angler fish to eat them.
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Animal Systems of Communication
Birds have two types of sound signals--calls and songs
Bird calls consist of one or more short notes and seem to be
instinctive responses to danger, nesting, flocking and a few
other basic situations. The English sparrow has three flight
calls-- one used just before takeoff, another during flight, and
one just before landing at a nesting site. Sparrows have two
types of danger calls, one to announce that a predator is
nearby--like an owl in a tree-- and the other to announce that a
predator is soaring overhead. These calls seem intended tocoordinate group activity in specific situations. The meanings
of these signs constitute a small, finite set which can't be
increased. And bird calls cannot be varied to produce
variations of meaning.
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Bird songs are used primarily by males to attract mates or
establish territory. Bird songs are limited to these and only
these functions. Although bird songs are longer than bird calls,
their internal elements aren't separable into meaningful units
and cannot be rearranged to produce new songs.
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In the 1960's Karl von Frisch discovered that the Italian
honeybee performs three types of dances on the wall of the
hive to communicate to other bees the source of nectar.
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The round dance is performed to indicate that the source of
nectar is within 20 feet of the hive; the richness of the source is
indicated by intensity of movement and by the number of
repetition; direction from the hive is not indicated.
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The sickle dance is performed to indicate that the source of
nectar is within 20-60 feet from the hive; again, the richness of
the source is indicated by intensity of movement; the angle
with respect to gravity denotes the direction in relation to the
sun.
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The tail-wagging dance is performed to indicate that the
source of nectar is beyond 60 feet from the hive (80 feet in the
Austrian honeybee). It imparts all the information of the sickle
dance plus indicates the precise distance by the number of
repetitions per minute--the slower the repetition the farther thedistance.
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Elephant Communication system
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Touching is an important form of communication among
elephants. Individuals greet one another by stroking or
wrapping around each other's trunks. Entwining trunks are also
made during mild competition.
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Elephants also communicate with visual displays, mostly in
agonistic situations. They will try to appear more threatening
by raising their heads and spreading their ears. They may also
add to the display by shaking their heads and snapping their
ears, as well as throwing dust and vegetation. Elephants areusually bluffing when performing these actions. Excited
elephants may additionally raise their trunks. Submissive
elephants will lower their heads and trunks, as well as flatten
their ears against their necks, while those that accept achallenge will position their ears in a V shape.
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