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DEFENCE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT ORGANISATION
JODHPUR
PRACTICAL TRAINING PRASENTATI ON ON NUCLEAR
RADIATION
UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF: PRESENTED BY:JYOTI MIRDHA
D.K. Tripathi VII SEM,ECE
SCIENTIST E
DEFENCE LABORATORY , JODHPUR
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CONTENTS
ABOUT DRDO
INTRODUCTION OF NUCLEAR RADIATION
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
UNITS OF NUCLEAR RADIATION
NUCLEAR RADIATION DETECTORS
RADIATION MONITORS
APPLICATIONS OF NUCLEAR RADIATION
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ABOUT DRDO DRDO was formed in 1958 from the union of already
functioning technical development establishment ofindian army .
DRDO works to develope world class weapon system
and equipment as per requirement of the military
services.
It is responsible for the development and manufacture
of electronics and materials.
DRDO is working in various areas of military
technology which include aeronautics, armaments ,
combat vehicles, electronics, instrumentation
engineering systems, advanced computing, simulation
and life sciences. 4
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WHAT IS NUCLEAR RADIATION?
Nuclear radiation can transfer the energy
from nuclear decay to the electron of
atoms or molecules and cause ionization.
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WHAT IS ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION ?
TYPES OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION?
1. NON IONIZING RADIATION
2. IONIZING RADIATION
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NON IONIZING RADIATION IS DEFINED ASRADIATION WITHOUT ENOUGH ENERGY
TO REMOVE TIGHTLY BOUND ELECTRONSFROM THEIR ORBITS AROUND ATOMS.
EXAMPLES-:VISIBLE LIGHT,RADIOWAVES,TV WAVES,MICROWAVES
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IONIZING RADIATION IS DEFINED ASRADIATION WITH ENOUGH ENERGY TOREMOVE TIGHTLY BOUND ELECTRONS FROM
THEIR ORBITS AROUND ATOMS DURING ANINTRACTION WITH AN ATOM.
EXAMPLES-: ALPHA RAYS,BETA RAYS,GAMMA RAYS,X-RAYS,NEUTRONS
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QUANTITY COMMON UNITS WHAT IS
MEASURED
EXPOSURE ROENTGEN(R),COULOMBS/KG
AMOUNT OF CHARGEPRODUCED IN ONE KGOF AIR BY X- OR GAMMARAYS
ABSORBED DOSE RED,GRAY(GY) AMOUNT OF ENERGYABSORBED IN ONE GRAMOF MATTER FROMRADIATION
DOSE EQUIVALENT REM,SIEVERT(SV) ABSORBED DOSEMODIFIED BY THEABILITY OF THERADIATION TO CAUSEBIOLOGICAL DAMAGE
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1) GEIGER-MUELLER (GM) TUBE
DETECTORS
2) SCINTILLATION DETECTORS
3) SEMICONDUCTOR DETECTORS
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GEIGER-MULLER(GM )TUBE
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The tube is filled with Argon gas, and around +400
Volts is applied to the thin wire in the middle.When a particle enters the tube, it pulls an
electron from an Argon atom. The electron isattracted to the central wire, and as it rushestowards the wire, the electron will knock otherelectrons from Argon atoms, causing an"avalanche". Thus one single incoming particlewill cause many electrons to arrive at the wire,creating a pulse which can be amplified and
counted. This gives us a very sensitive detector.12
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http://../Photomultiplier%20Tube_files/pmt.gif -
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Just inside the entrance windowof the photomultiplier is the photocathode, an electrode
coated with photosensitive material. On average, for every five scintillation photons
striking the photocathode, one electron is emitted. The electron produced is then
accelerated toward an electron multiplier system consisting of 10 or so specialized
electrodescalled dynodes. Each dynode is at approximately 100 V higherpotential than
the preceding dynode. As electrons are accelerated toward each dynode, they gain
sufficient kinetic energy to ejectseveral electrons at impact. If five electrons are ejected
at each dynode and the photomultiplier have N dynodes, then the total number of
electrons collected at the anode for each emitted from the photocathode is 5N. This
process produces an electrongain that is usually on the order of 106 to 108. The overall
response of the photomultiplier is linear because the outputsignal is proportional to the
number of light photons strikingthe photocathode; the number of light photons striking
the photocathodeis in turn proportional to the total energy deposited in thecrystal. This
characteristic is exploited in the scintillationcamera, where all photomultiplier signal
outputs are summed to create a "Z" signal that is representative of the total energy
deposited in the detector.
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A floating gate MOSFET is basically a p-channel MOSFETwith an electrically floating polysilicon gate that has a largeextension over field oxide. Direct Ion Storage is used which
uses the concept of ionization chamber. The charge iscreated in the gas chamber by means of a charge pump &fabricated over the MOSFET. The charge induced, whenthe radiations fall over the chamber reduce the existingcharges over the floating gate. This reduces theconcentration of holes in the p channel & thus reducingIds.By placing various converter layers, gamma, fastneutron & thermal neutron can be detected.
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RADIATION MONITORS ANDINSTRUMENTS PERSONNEL MONITORING INSTRUMENTS
17PORTAL MONITORS
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AREA MONITORS 18
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SURVEY METERS
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RADIATION MONITORS
NUCLEAR COUNTING SYSTEM
NIM INSTRUMENTATION
PORTABLE RADIATION MONITORS
AREA GAMMA MONITORS
COUNTING AIR MONITORS,STACK &DUCT MONITORS
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EFFECT OF RADIATIONS
DOSE(rem) EFFECT
0-25 NO EFFECT
26-50 SMALL DECREASE IN WHITE
BLOOD CELL COUNT
51-100 SIGNIFICANT DECREASE INWHITE BLOOD CELL COUNT
101-200 LOSS OF HAIR,NAUSEA
201-500 HEMORRHAGING,ULCERS,DEATHIN 50% OF POPULATION
500 DEATH
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MEDICAL
INDUSTRY
FOOD
AGRICULTURE
HOUSEHOLD
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