Download - Presented by UmaMaheswari Ethirajan
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RespirocytesA Mechanical Artificial Red Cell: Exploratory Design in Medical Nanotechnology
-Robert A. Freitas Jr.
Presented byUmaMaheswari Ethirajan
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Overview Introduction Preliminary Design Issues Nanotechnological design of Respiratory
Gas carriers Baseline design Therapeutics Safety and Bio-compatibility Applications Summary and Conclusion
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Introduction Molecular manufacturing processes applications. Medical implications – precise interventions at
cellular and molecular levels. Medical nanorobots – research, diagnoses and
cure. Preliminary design for artificial mechanical
erythrocyte or Red Blood Cell (RBC) – Respirocyte.
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Preliminary Design Issues Biochemistry of respiratory gas transport – oxygen and
carbon-dioxide. Existing Artificial Respiratory Gas carriers
Hemoglobin Formulations 50% more O2 than natural RBCs. Dissociates to dimers, Binds to O2 more tightly, Hemoglobin
oxidized. Fluorocarbon Emulsions
Physical solubilization – emulsions of droplets Shortcomings of Current technologies
Too short life time Not designed for CO2 transport vasoconstriction
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Design of Respiratory Gas carriers Pressure Vessel
Spherical, Flawless diamond or sapphire 1000atm – optimal gas molecule packing
density Discharge time very less - <2 minutes
Recharging with O2 from lungs Respiratory gas equilibrium – more CO2
Provide additional tankage for CO2 Means for gas loading and unloading
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Molecular Sorting Rotors Binding site pockets –
rims – 12 arms Selective binding Eject – cam action Fully reversible – load
and unload 7nm x 14nm x 14nm 2 x 10-21 kg Sorts molecules of 20
or fewer atoms 106 molecules/ sec
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Molecular Sorting Rotors (cont’d) Power saving – generator subsystem 90% occupancy of rotor binding sites Multi-stage cascade – virtually pure gases
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Sorting Rotors binding sites O2, CO2, Water, Glucose
Device Scaling On-board computer – 58nm diameter sphere 37.28% of tank surface – sorting rotors Reasonable range – 0.2 to 2 microns Present study assumes – approx. 1 micron
Buoyancy control Loading and unloading water ballast Very useful – exfusion from blood Example – specialized centrifugation apparatus
Nanotechnological Design of Respiratory Gas carriers (cont’d)
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Baseline Design - Power
glucose & oxygen – Mechanical Energy Glucose – blood & Oxygen – onboard storage Glucose Engine – 42nm x 42nm x 175nm Output is water – approx. glucose absorbed Fuel tank – glucose storage – 42nm x 42nm x
115nm Mechanical or hydraulic power distribution
Rods & gears Pipes & valves
Control – onboard computer
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Baseline Design - Communications Physician – broadcast signals Modulated compressive pressure pulses Mechanical transducers – surface of
respirocytes Transducers – pressure driven actuators Internal Communication
Hydraulic - Low pressure acoustic spikes Mechanical - Mechanical rods and couplings
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Baseline Design - Sensors Sorting rotors –
quantitative molecular concentration sensors
Internal pressure sensors – gas tank loading, ballast and glucose fuel tanks, internal/external temperature sensors.
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Baseline Design – Onboard Computation
104 bit/sec computer 105 bits of internal memory
Gas loading and unloading Rotor field and ballast tank management Glucose engine throttling Power distribution Interpretation of sensor data Self-diagnoses and control of protocols
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Glucose rotor, Tank, Engine and Flue Assembly in 12-station Respirocyte baseline design
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Pumping Station Layout
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Equatorial Cutaway View of Respirocyte
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Polar Cutaway View of Respirocyte
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Baseline Design – Tank Chamber Design Diamondoid honeycomb or geodesic grid
skeletal framework Perforated compartment walls Present design – CO2 and O2 separate Proposed – same chamber Disadvs
Respiration control – CO2 level Reverse CO2 overloading Reduction of maximum outgassing rate
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Therapeutics Minimum Therapeutic dose
Human blood O2 capacity – 8.1 x 1021 molecules Each respirocyte – 1.51 x 109 O2 molecules Full duplication – 5.36 x 1012 devices Hypodermal injection or transfusion
Maximum Augmentation Dose Fully O2 charged dose – 9.54 x 1014 respirocytes 12 minutes and peak exertion 3.8 hours at rest
Control Protocols Precise external control by physician Programmable for sophisticated behaviors
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Safety and Bio-compatibility Mechanical failure modes
Device overheating Non-combustive device explosion Radiation damage
Coagulation Inflammation Phagocytes
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Applications Transfusions Treatment of Anemia Fetal and Child-related disorders Respiratory Diseases Cardiovascular and Neurovascular applications Tumor therapy and Diagnostics Asphyxia Underwater breathing Endurance oriented sport events Anaerobic and aerobic infections Veterinary medicine
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Summary and Conclusion Artificial erythrocyte Avoiding carbonic acidity – mechanical transport
of CO2 236 times more O2 per unit volume than natural
RBCs Tough diamondoid material Numerous sensors On-board nano-computer Remotely programmable Lifespan of 4 months Future advances in molecular machine system
engineering – actual construction.
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References Drexler KE. Nanosystems
: Molecular Machinery, Manufacturing, and Computation. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1992.
www.foresight.org
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Thank You