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Presidential Advisers and Executive Agencies
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Executive Office of the President
• The employees of the Executive Office of the President (EOP) help the president by preparing reports, helping to write bills, and checking the work of various agencies.
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White House Staff• The people of the White House Office
work directly for the president. • The most powerful member of the White
House staff is the Chief of Staff.• The White House Staff screens the flow
of information and people to the president.
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Office of Management and Budget (OMB)
• The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) prepares the federal budget and monitors government spending.
• The federal budget lays out the administration’s plans and goals for the coming year.
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The National Security Council
• The National Security Council helps the president coordinate the military and foreign policy.
• It includes the vice president, the secretaries of state and defense, and the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, a group made up of the top commander of each of the armed services.
• The NSC supervises the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA).
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Office of Homeland Security
• George W. Bush created the Office of Homeland Security to deal with terrorist activities.
• It includes members of the cabinet and of agencies such as the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and Border Patrol.
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Council of Economic Advisers
• The three members of the Council of Economic Advisers advise the president about complex economic matters, such as employment, tax policy, inflation, and trade.
http://www.whitehouse.gov/cea/
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Cabinet
• The cabinet is a group of advisers that includes the heads of the 14 top-level executive departments.
• The head of the Department of Justice is called the attorney general.
• The other department heads are called secretaries.
http://www.whitehouse.gov/government/cabinet.html
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The Federal Bureaucracy • The executive branch is shaped like a
pyramid. • Directly below the president are the
cabinet secretaries and their departments.
• At the next level are hundreds of agencies.
• Together, the agencies and employees of the executive branch are known as the federal bureaucracy.
• The workers are called bureaucrats, or civil servants.
The President
The Cabinet
Agencies
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Independent agencies
• Independent agencies are not part of the cabinet, but they are not independent of the president.
• The three types are: executive agencies, regulatory commissions, and government corporations.
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Executive Agencies
• Executive agencies deal with certain specialized areas.
• The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is one example.
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Government Corporations
• Government corporations are like private businesses, except that the government owns and runs them.
• Like businesses, they charge for their services, but they are not supposed to make a profit.
• The United States Postal Service is a government corporation.
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Regulatory Commissions• Unlike other independent agencies,
regulatory commissions do not report to the president.
• The president appoints members, but only Congress can remove them through impeachment.
• Regulatory commissions protect the public by making and enforcing rules for certain industries.
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Political Appointees• Top department jobs generally go to
political appointees—people whom the president has chosen because they have ability or were supporters of the president’s election campaign.
• Their employment usually ends when the president leaves office.
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Spoils System• Before 1883 government jobs went to
people as a reward for their political support.
• Abuses of this spoils system led Congress to pass the Pendleton Act, also known as the Civil Service Reform Act of 1883.
• This law limited the number of jobs the president could give to friends and backers.
• It also created the civil service system.
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Merit System
• The civil service system is a merit system.
• Government officials hire new workers from lists of people who have passed the test or otherwise met civil service standards.