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CHUKWUMA I. ONYEIJE, MDATLANTA PERINATAL ASSOCIATES
TUESDAY, APRIL 22, 2014
PRETERM BIRTH:MODERN MANAGEMENT
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Polling Courtesy of Poll Everywhere.
To participate in polling for this lecture:
1. Navigate to: http://pollev.com/onyeije
OR
2. Text the applicable CODE to:1-747-444-3548
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Can You See this Poll Question?
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What is the percentage of preterm deliveries in the US (all patients)?
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What percentage of African American infant are born premature?
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What has been the trend in preterm delivery in the last 6 years?
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What is a Preterm birth
Any birth occurring before 37 weeks’ gestation
Subdivisions of Preterm birth: Late preterm birth (34 to 36 weeks) Early preterm (<34 weeks) Very preterm (<32 weeks) Extremely preterm (<28 weeks)
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What is a Preterm birth
Any birth occurring before 37 weeks’ gestation
Subdivisions of Preterm birth: Late preterm birth (34 to 36 weeks) Early preterm (<34 weeks) Very preterm (<32 weeks) Extremely preterm (<28 weeks)
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Prematurity Risks
Leading cause of infant death. 36% of infant deaths in 2005
Preterm infants are more likely to suffer: Neurologic impairment Chronic lung disease Cerebral palsy Developmental delay
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Prematurity Risks
Leading cause of infant death. 36% of infant deaths in 2005
Preterm infants are more likely to suffer: Neurologic impairment Chronic lung disease Cerebral palsy Developmental delay
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What has happened since 2006?
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Prior to 2006, the U.S. preterm birth rate had been steadily rising for more than two
decades
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Since 2006,
~176,000 FEWER babies have been born preterm
This improvement in the preterm birth rate has saved $9 billion
in health and societal costs.
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2006 - 2012 The Trend in Preterm Birth
The US preterm birth rate DROPPED for the SIXTH consecutive year in 2012
Currently 11.5 %
This represents a 15-year LOW.
US preterm birth rate PEAKED in 2006 at 12.8 %
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The Trend in Preterm Birth2006 – 2012
Racial disparities.
• Preterm birth rate African-American infants is the LOWER THAN IT HAS BEEN IN 20 YEARS
• African-American preterm birth rate is now 16.8%. Down from 18.5% in 2006; BUT…
• Remains the highest of all racial groups.
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Our nations preterm birth rate is still the
HIGHEST rate of preterm birth of
any industrialized country.
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Preterm Birth By Country
Papua New Guinea
Sierra Leone
Bangladesh
Malawi
Russia
Brazil
Turkey
Malaysia
Japan
United Kingdom
Germany
United States
Worldwide Average
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Worldwide Low Income Middle Income High Income
Source: http://www.nature.com/news/pre-term-births-on-the-rise-1.10556
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March of Dimes 2013 Preterm Delivery Report Card Results.
Source: http://www.marchofdimes.com/mission/prematurity-reportcard.aspx
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Why have preterm births DECREASED?
?
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Does prenatal care improve pregnancy outcome?
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ANSWER: YES AND NO.
Does prenatal are improve pregnancy outcome?
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Does prenatal care improve pregnancy outcome.
YES: Lower risk of preterm delivery among patients with
ANY kind of prenatal care than NO prenatal care.
BUT: This is NOT related to the kind of prenatal care
provided.
Behrman RE, Stith Butler A. Committee on understanding premature birth and assuring healthy outcomes: causes, consequences, and prevention. Washington, DC: National Academies Press, 2007
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What DOES NOT seem to work…
Treating nutritional deficiencies Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Calcium, n-3 fatty acids.
Treating genitial tract microorganisms.
Treating periodontal disease
Iams et al, NEJM; 370;3 nejm.org january 16, 2014
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What DOES seem to work?
Fewer uninsured women 37 states reduced the percentage of uninsured women
of childbearing ageLess smoking
35 states reduced the percentage of women of childbearing age who smoke
Fewer late preterm births 28 states lowered the late preterm birth rate (infants
born between 34 and 36 weeks gestation).
Source: http://www.marchofdimes.com/mission/prematurity-reportcard.aspx
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Youth tobacco surveillance-United States, 1998-1999. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report . 2000b;49(SS10):1–94
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What DOES seem to work?
Increased interpregnancy intervals
Better IVF
Progesterone therapy
Cervical cerclage
Iams et al, NEJM; 370;3 nejm.org january 16, 2014
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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1508292/pdf/amjph00020-0040.pdf
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Interpregnancy Interval
Shorter time for repletion of maternal nutrient stores.
Reduction in adverse birth outcomes. Pre-term infant Small for gestational age infant Neonatal death.
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Other Risk Factors:
Tobacco use Dose-dependent increase in the risk of preterm birth
Substance abuseShort cervixCervical surgeryUterine malformationLarge (> 5cm) uterine fibroidsModerate to severe anemia in the first trimesterFetal factors
Growth restriction Congenital anomalies Male gender
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Risk Factors for Preterm Birth
Previous preterm birthShort interpregnancy intervalAssisted reproductionMultifetal gestationDecidual hemorrhageInfection and inflammation
Asymptomatic bacteriuria Maternal periodontal disease
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Previous preterm birth
Strongest risk factor for future preterm delivery
Data from McManemy et al: One preterm birth: 14-22 % risk. Two preterm births: 28 -42% Three or more: Up to 75%
A term birth decreases the risk of preterm birth in subsequent pregnancies
(McManemy et al, 2007)
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RECALL
Papua New Guinea
Sierra Leone
Bangladesh
Malawi
Russia
Brazil
Turkey
Malaysia
Japan
United Kingdom
Germany
United States
Worldwide Average
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Worldwide Low Income Middle Income High Income
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THREE PREVIOUS PTD
TWO PREVIOUS PTD
ONE PREVIOUS PTD
United States
Worldwide Average
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
WorldwidePTD X 3PTD X 2PTD X 1Averages
Source: McManemy J., Cooke E., Amon E., Lee T.: Recurrence risk for preterm delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007; 196(6):576.e6-e7
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Current Understanding:Pathology Underlying
Preterm Labor
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Reversal of Progesterone to Estrogen Activity
Actions of progesterone Inhibits cervical ripening Reduces myometrial contractility Reduces oxytocin receptor synthesis Reduces oxytocin receptor function
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Progesterone LevelsNormal vs. Threatened prematurity
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Pathophysiologic Mechanisms for Prematurity
Activation of Maternal/FetalHPA Axis Maternal/Fetal
stress
Activation of Maternal/FetalHPA Axis Maternal/Fetal
stress
Inflammation/Infection Chorio-decidual Systemic
Inflammation/Infection Chorio-decidual Systemic
Decidual Hemorrhage Abruption
Decidual Hemorrhage Abruption
Pathological UterineDistension Multifetal pregnancy Polyhydramnios Uterine abnormality
Pathological UterineDistension Multifetal pregnancy Polyhydramnios Uterine abnormality
Preterm BirthPreterm Birth
Lockwood CJ, Kuczynski E. Paediatric Perinat Epidemiol. 2001;15(suppl 2):78-89.
Estimated at 40%Estimated at 30% Estimated at 20% Estimated at 10%
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Premature Decidual Activation
Campbell S. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2011
• Occult upper genital tract infection
• Release of proinflammatory cytokines in the cervix
• Release of proinflammatory cytokines at the choriodecidual interface
• Cervical softening and effacement
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Pathophysiologic Mechanisms for Prematurity
Activation of Maternal/FetalHPA Axis Maternal/Fetal
stress
Activation of Maternal/FetalHPA Axis Maternal/Fetal
stress
Inflammation/Infection Chorio-decidual Systemic
Inflammation/Infection Chorio-decidual Systemic
Decidual Hemorrhage Abruption
Decidual Hemorrhage Abruption
Pathological UterineDistension Multifetal pregnancy Polyhydramnios Uterine abnormality
Pathological UterineDistension Multifetal pregnancy Polyhydramnios Uterine abnormality
Preterm BirthPreterm Birth
Lockwood CJ, Kuczynski E. Paediatric Perinat Epidemiol. 2001;15(suppl 2):78-89.
Estimated at 40%Estimated at 30% Estimated at 20% Estimated at 10%
Progesterone Mediation(?)
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Is progesterone our new “Silver Bullet” ?
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What is considered a “short” cervix (between 18 to 24 weeks)?
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“Prevention of Recurrent Preterm Delivery by 17 α-Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate”
“The NICHD Study”
Meis, Paul J. et al, N Engl J Med, June 12, 2003
(initially presented SMFM, Feb. 6, 2003)
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17 α-hydroxyprogesterone caproate
Approved by FDA February 3, 2011Indicated to reduce the risk of preterm birth in
women with a singleton pregnancy who have a history of singleton spontaneous preterm birth
• MakenaTM • 17P content: 250 mg/ml
• 5 ml multi-dose vial with preservative
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Meis et al, New England Journal of Medicine, 2003
Maternal Outcomes
17P Plac. RR CI
N 306 153
< 37 w 36.3% 54.9% 0.66 .54 - .81
< 35 w 20.6% 30.7% 0.67 .48 - .93
< 32 w 11.4% 19.6% 0.58 .37 - .91
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Meis et al, New England Journal of Medicine, 2003
Neonatal Outcomes
Outcome 17P Placebo RR 95% CI
BW < 2500 27.2%
41.1% 0.66 0.51 – 0.87
IVH 1.3% 5.2% 0.25 0.8 – 0.82
NEC 0% 2.6% NA NA
Suppl O2 14.9% 23.8% 0.62 0.42 – 0.92
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Meis et al, New England Journal of Medicine, 2003
Study conclusion: “Weekly injections of 17P resulted in a substantial reduction in the rate of recurrent preterm delivery among women who were particularly high risk for preterm delivery and reduced the likelihood of several complications in their infants.”
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Bibliography of Selected Publications (2007 – 2012) Data from Women Receiving Alere 17P Administration Nursing Service (17P-HAS) • Sibai 2012• Gonzalez-Quintero 2012• Timofeev 2012• Lucas 2012• Gonzalez-Quintero 2012• Rebarber 2012• Timofeev 2012• Timofeev 2012• Gonzalez-Quintero 2011• Unal 2011• Gonzalez-Quintero 2011• Coleman 2011• Barton 2011• Gonzalez-Quintero 2011• Gonzalez-Quintero 2011• Rittenberg 2011• Gonzalez-Quintero 2010
• Joy 2010• Rebarber 2010• O’Brien 2009• Eggerman 2009• Eggerman 2009• Page 2009• Rittenberg 2009• Rittenberg 2008• Ventolini 2008• Rebarber 2008• Guzman 2007• Rittenberg 2007• How 2007• Rebarber 2007• Rebarber 2007• Gonzalez-Quintero 2007
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17P: Side Effects and Precautions
Precautions Discontinue if thrombosis or
thromboembolism occurs Consider discontinuing if allergic reactions
occur Decreased glucose tolerance: Monitor pre-
diabetic and diabetic women Fluid retention: Monitor women with
conditions that may be affected by fluid retention, such as preeclampsia, epilepsy, cardiac or renal dysfunction
Depression: Monitor women with a history of clinical depression; discontinue if depression recurs
MakenaTM Prescribing Information, Ther-Rx Corporation St. Louis, MO February, 2011
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Meis et al, New England Journal of Medicine, 2003
Fetal Safety
17P appeared to be safe. There was no increase in the rate of
congenital anomalies in the progesterone group.
These results are consistent with surveys of the literature that have indicated an absence of teratogenic effects from the use of 17P during pregnancy.”
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Progestins and Evidence of Fetal Harm
• Cohort of 988 progestin-exposed (90% 17P or progesterone; >60%: 17P only)
• Outcomes tabulated included GU, CNS, and CV anomalies; mean f/u: 11.5 years
• No significant detection of congenital anomalies with progestin exposure
• (“May not apply to androgenic progestins”)
Resseguie LJ et al. Congenital malformations among offspring exposed in utero to progestins, Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1936-1974.Fertility and Sterility 1985;43(4):514-9.
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4-year Follow-up Safety Study
No significant differences were seen in health status or physical examination, including genital anomalies, between 17P and placebo children
Scores for gender-specific roles were within the normal range and similar between 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone caproate and placebo groups.
Northen AT. Obstet Gynecol 2007
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No Evidence of 17P as Unsafe
Multi-Generational Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology study
Developmental and toxicology study in rats shows no evidence of a safety signal for hydroxyprogesterone caproate
Conclusions combined with the results of 11 trials showing fetal loss rates of 3.6% for 17P and 5.1% for placebo
Schardein J. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2012
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Perinatal Mortality Reassuringly Low
17P (start) ≤18 wk(n = 3632)
18-20 wk(n = 1367)
>20/<21 wk(n = 494)
p
Stillbirth 6 (0.2%) 1 (0.1%) 1 (0.2%) 0.705
Miscarriage 10 (0.3%) 3 (0.2%) NA 0.492
NN death 18 (0.5%) 4 (0.3%) 3 (0.6%) 0.554
Total PNM 34 (0.9%) 8 (0.6%) 4 (0.8%) 0.478
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Sibai Am J Perinatoll 2012
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17P: Contraindications
• Current or history of thrombosis or thromboembolic disorders
Known or suspected breast cancer, other hormone-sensitive cancer, or history of these conditions
Undiagnosed abnormal vaginal bleeding unrelated to pregnancy
Cholestatic jaundice of pregnancy Liver tumors, benign or malignant, or
active liver disease Uncontrolled hypertension
MakenaTM Prescribing Information, Ther-Rx Corporation St. Louis, MO February, 2011
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17P and Risk for Gestational Diabetes p-value OR (95% CI)
17OHPC initiated at 16-20 weeks
0.025 1.67 (1.07, 2.63)
17OHPC initiated at 21-24 weeks
0.515 1.22 (0.66,2.26)
Maternal age ≥ 35 years
0.001 2.11 (1.37,3.25)
Morbid obesity >
39.9 kg/m2
0.063 1.60 (0.97,2.63)
Eggerman R Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009
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Cerclage Placement
Your text here
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Cerclage: Controversies and Certainties
J. Owen et al, AmJOBG, 2009: Randomized trial Previous early preterm birth AND Cervix < 2.5 cm. Outcome: Birth at less than 35 weeks. Observation vs. Cerclage
Cervix < 2.5 cm: NO BENEFIT Cervix < 1.5 cm: BENEFIT
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Cerclage: Controversies and Certainties
Berghella et al, Obstet Gynecol, 2011. Metaanalysis of 5 trials Cerclage for short cervix < 2.5 cm CERCLAGE EFFECTIVE
Relative risk, 0.70 Confidence interval: 0.55 – 0.89
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Cerclage: Caution
The large trials for women with a short cervix were designed and performed BEFORE progestogens were used for that indication.
Available studies suggest vaginal progesterone and cervical cerclage are SIMILARLY effective in reducing the risk of preterm birth among high risk women.
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Cerclage: Caution
There have been NO studies to directly compare cerclage and progesterone to date.
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Progesterone vs. CerclageCurrent recommendations…
Short cervix who have NO previous preterm birth
Previous preterm birth.
For women with a previous preterm birth AND a short cervix.
Supplemental cerclage for short cervix and NO previous preterm birth?
Vaginal progesterone
17- alpha hydroxyprogesterone
Cervical cerclage
NO DATAAm J Obstet Gynecol 2012;206:376-86.
ACOG practice bulletin no. 130: Obstet Gynecol. 2012;120:964-73
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Iams et al,
NEJMJanuary
16, 2014
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Comprehensive obstetrical history
Ultrasound confirmation of EGA and number of fetuses
Initial prenatal visit
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History of spontaneous preterm birth OR stillbirth
before 24 wk presenting as labor,
SROM or advanced dilation?
Prescribe 17- OHP, 250 mg IM
weekly from 16 to 37 weeks
Yes No
Is this a singleton pregnancy?
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History of spontaneous preterm birth OR stillbirth
before 24 wk presenting as labor,
SROM or advanced dilation?
Prescribe 17- OHP, 250 mg IM
weekly from 16 to 37 weeks
Yes
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Prescribe 17- OHP, 250 mg IM
weekly from 16 to 37 weeks
Measure TVCL every 14 days from 16–24 wk of
gestation, every 7 days if CL <30 mm
History of preterm birth:
If TVCL <25 mm before24 wk of gestation: 1. Consider CERCLAGE
(especially if patient had prior spontaneous preterm birth at <28 wk or if membranes are
visible)2. Continue progesterone
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Is there a history of spontaneous preterm birth
or stillbirth before 24 wk presenting as labor,
SROM or advanced dilation? No
Is this a singleton
pregnancy?
No previous preterm birth
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Is this a singleton
pregnancy?
Signs or symptomsof PTL ?
(e.g., persistent pelvic pressure,
cramps, spotting or vaginal discharge)?
Progestogens are ineffective
and cerclage may increasethe risk of preterm birth
Singleton vs. Multiple Gestation
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Singleton Pregnancy, WITH symptoms of preterm labor
Signs or symptomsof PTL ?
(e.g., persistent pelvic pressure, cramps, spotting or vaginal
discharge)?
Have TVCLperformed bycredentialed
ultrasonographer
Next Slide
YES
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Singleton Pregnancy, NO symptoms of preterm labor
Signs or symptomsof PTL ?
(e.g., persistent pelvic pressure,cramps, spotting or vaginal
discharge)?
Use one of the following site-specific screening
strategies.(S4)
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Site-specific screening strategies.
(S4)
Universal TVCL screening at 18–24 wkUniversal TACL screening at 18–24 wk of gestation, until CL <35 mmSelective TVCL screening of women with the following risk factors:
Prior preterm birth at <34 wk with unknown cause, or twinsHistory of genitourinary infectionConception with fertility drugsBlack racePrevious cervical surgeryBMI <19.6 or >35.0Periodontal disease
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Signs or symptomsof PTL ?
(e.g., persistent pelvic pressure, cramps, spotting or vaginal
discharge)?
The patient with “Symptomatic” preterm labor.
Have TVCLperformed bycredentialed
ultrasonographer
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The Clinical
Evaluation of Preterm
Labor
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Diagnosis of Preterm Labor
Difficult. “Regular painful uterine contractions AND cervical
dilatation or effacement at a preterm gestational age”Half of women HOSPITALIZED for preterm
labor deliver at TERM. Regardless of therapy.
•Signs and symptoms of preterm labor • Cramping• Back pain• Contractions• Bloody show
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Tocodynamometry to evaluate
for the presence of uterine
contractions
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Speculum exam to assess
for ruptured membranes or
bleeding
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Initial laboratory evaluation
urinalysis & culture urine toxicology
GBS culture
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FFN testing
High negative predictive valueMore than 99% of symptomatic patients
with a negative fFN did not deliver within 14 days
Cannot be performed with: Vaginal bleeding Ruptured membranes After recent intercourse After vaginal examination After transvaginal ultrasound
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ONYEIJE’S 3, 2, 1 PRINCIPLE
Management of a Short Cervix
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Iams J. N Engl J Med 1996
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Cervix ~ 1.9 cm
Cervix ~ 2.0 - 3.0 cm
Cervix > 3.0 cm
United States
Worldwide Average
0 5 10 15 20 25
WorldwideCVX ~ 1.0 cmCVX ~ 2 - 3 cmCVX ~ 3.0 cmAverages
Source: The Length of the Cervix and the Risk of Spontaneous Premature Delivery. Jay D. Iams, M.D., Robert L. Goldenberg, M.D., et al. N Engl J Med 1996; 334:567-573February 29, 1996
Probability of Delivery before 32 weeksBased on Cervical Length before 24 weeks.
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Cervical Length Triage for Preterm Labor
Cervical Length
< 1.9 cm
HighRisk
2.0 to 2.9 cm
Increased Risk
> 3.0 cm
LowRisk
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Normal Cervix
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Low Risk (> 3.0 cm)
LOW risk of preterm birth.FFN testing NOT mandatory.Observe for 4 to 6 hours to confirm fetal well-
being. Reactive nonstress test Rule out abruption Rule out Infection. Rule out Cervical change
Arrange follow-up in one to two weeks Give PTL instructions
Bleeding, rupture of membranes, decreased fetal activity
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Increased Risk (2.0 to 3.0 cm)
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Increased Risk (2.0 to 3.0 cm)
Most of these women do NOT deliver preterm.
FFN testing indicated.If FFN positive See High Risk Slide.If FFN negative See Low Risk Slide.
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High Risk
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The spectrum of cervical anatomy
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High Risk
High risk of preterm birth Regardless of the fFN resultActive management recommended
Prevention of morbidity associated with preterm birth.
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Management of Preterm Labor
BetamethasoneVaginal progesteroneTocolysis for up to 48 hours.GBS ChemoprophylaxisAntibiotics for UTIMagnesium sulfate for neuroprotection
Between 24 and 32 weeks.
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Summary
Preterm birth remains a leading cause of infant death in the United States, especially among African Americans.
Changes in IVF and reductions in scheduled births before 39 weeks have resulted in decreased preterm birth rates.
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Summary
Strategies to identify and treat medical risk factors in early pregnancy have NOT been effective in reducing preterm birth rates.
Previous preterm birth and a short cervix (≤20 mm, as measured by transvaginal ultrasonography) are major risk factors for preterm birth.
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Summary
The use of progesterone supplementation in women with a previous preterm birth, a short cervix, or both was shown in randomized trials to reduce the frequency of preterm birth and is recommended for women with these risk factors.
Cervical cerclage reduces the risk of recurrent preterm birth among women with a short cervix.
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Thank you.
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Periodontal Disease
Increases the risk of preterm labor and low birth weight.
Proposed mechanism: Seeding of the placenta or amniotic fluid by oral
pathogens and systemic inflammation. Oral bacteria associated with an increased risk of
preterm delivery: Bacteroides forsythus Porphyromonas gingivalis Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans Treponema denticola Fusobacterium nucleatum
Offenbacher S., Jared H.L., O’Reilly P.G., et al: Potential pathogenic mechanisms of periodontitis associated pregnancy complications. Ann Periodontol 1998; 3(1):233-250.
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Periodontal Disease
Nonsurgical treatment of periodontal disease was NOT effective in reducing preterm births, low birth weight, or growth restriction.
Michalowicz B.S., Hodges J.S., DiAngelis A.J., et al: Treatment of periodontal disease and the risk of preterm birth. N Engl J Med 2006; 355(18):1885-1894.
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Genital Infections
Associated with preterm birth
Causality has not been proved
Treatment for genital infections is often indicated, but has NOT been shown to reduce
the risk of preterm birth.
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Preterm labor itself is NOT an indication for antibiotics in the absence of:Documented infection
or GBS prophylaxis
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GBS CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS (< 37 WEEKS)
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Repeat Doses of Steroids?
Administering a repeat course of therapy reduces the risk of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS). Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for
women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health outcomes.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011 Jun 15;(6):CD003935. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD003935.pub3.
This study did NOT evaluate the RISKS of repeat doses of steroids…
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Repeat Dose Controversies
In the Maternal Fetal Medicine Units network (MFMU) trial, 63 percent of patients received 4 or more courses of therapy.
These patients had: More IUGR < 10th percentile More IUGR < 3rd percentile Smaller placenta size (?) Increased risk of cerebral palsy.
5 cases vs 1 case. REFERENCE: Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2006 Sep;195(3):633-42. Epub 2006 Jul 17. Single versus weekly courses of antenatal corticosteroids:
evaluation of safety and efficacy.
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Repeat Dose Controversies
A small prospective cohort study reported lower measures of attention and speed in adolescence and young adults exposed in utero to multiple courses of antenatal corticosteroid therapy.
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Rescue Dose Steroids
In 2011 and 2012, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) endorsed the concept of a SINGLE course of rescue steroids in women who remain at risk of preterm delivery
These publications recommend AVOIDING regularly scheduled repeat courses or more than two courses of antenatal corticosteroids.
ACOG Committee Opinion No. 475: Antenatal corticosteroid therapy for fetal maturation.
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Indications for Rescue Dose Steroids
Patient at high risk for delivery within the next 7 days
Initial course of antenatal corticosteroids at <28 weeks of gestation
Prior exposure to antenatal corticosteroids at least two weeks earlier