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Increasing t values
TAU MAGNITUDES -------------------------------------------------------------- 4.0000e-02 4.8868e+03 3.7340e-02 4.8476e+03 3.4680e-02 4.8303e+03 3.2020e-02 4.8122e+03 2.9360e-02 4.7851e+03 2.6700e-02 4.7408e+03 2.4040e-02 4.7134e+03 2.1380e-02 4.6201e+03 1.8720e-02 4.5530e+03 1.6060e-02 4.4407e+03 1.3400e-02 4.2962e+03 1.0740e-02 4.0933e+03 8.0800e-03 3.8614e+03 5.4200e-03 3.5633e+03 2.7600e-03 3.1630e+03 1.0000e-04 2.6401e+03
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0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
MA
GN
ITU
DE
S
TAU (----------)
Decreasing proton Larmor frequency
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0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
180000
200000
Inte
nsity
TAU
Decreasing proton Larmor frequency
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Human serum
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Surface interactions
Protons belonging to different chemical or physical domains are relevant to FFC-NMR.
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A case study: char analysis
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AMAZONIAN DARK EARTH SOILS (TERRA PRETA)
Recognised hypothesis
Agricultural activity of ancient populations;
Deposition of plant residues;
Deposition of ashes and coal produced from use of fires;
All those factors contribute to the formation of dark soils in Amazonia basin. These soils result very fertile due to the large amounts of C, P, Ca, Mg, Zn and Mn.
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Available research and trials mainly show that biochar amendments result in appreciable improvements of soil fertility:
1. soil cation exchange capacity is increased.
2. soil microbial functions are enhanced; the porous structure of biochar forms a safe haven for microbes that make nutrients available to crops.
3. nutrient retention capacity of soils is improved thus preventing leaching and erosion; this allows farmers to reduce organic and inorganic fertilizers.
4. water retention capacity of soils is improved; the porous structure of biochar holds water and prevents the moisture from evaporating.
5. biochar variously affects soil pH depending on inorganic and organic soil constituents.
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Industrial gasification process: biochar is only a by-product
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Industrial gasification process: biochar is only a by-product
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Industrial gasification process: biochar is only a by-product
T=1200°C
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Eight key questions:
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Biochar produced from gasification of 1. Poplar residues 2. Residues from coniferous trees 3. Marc residues
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Experimental design Seeds on wet cotton Seeds on a soil Seeds on biochar Seeds on a mixture Biochar/soil (1:5)
Radish seeds