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Principles of Transmission applied to the EU transmission network
Silvester van KotenJean-Monnet Fellow at the Florence School of Regulation
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Transmission
Principles of Transmission, applied to the EU transmission network
1. Line limits2. Principles of dispatch3. Role of frequency in ac lines and stability
requirements 4. Transmission shortage, the internal market
and the 2050 carbon targets
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Electricity is an essential part of our lives
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Power plants
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Distributors
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Transmission
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September 28th, 2003
Huge blackout cripples Italy!
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Rome’s “white night”
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Rome’s “white night”110 trains stopped
Thousands of people stuck
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Mettlen-Lavorgo
Sils-Soazza
03:01
“Cross-border transmission lines”
“Interconnectors”
Tree flashover!
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Mettlen-Lavorgo
Sils-Soazza
03:01
Tree flashover!
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Mettlen-Lavorgo
Sils-Soazza
03:0103:01-03.16
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03:11
The Swiss TSO operator asks the Italian TSO for countermeasures
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Mettlen-Lavorgo
Sils-Soazza
03:21
Italy reduces import by -300 MW
03:25
Tree flashover!
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Mettlen-Lavorgo
Sils-Soazza
03:25
Tree flashover!
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03:26
All interconnectors are automatically disconnected
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1. Transmission lines limits
2. Dispatch
3. Frequency and synchronicity
4. The future of the EU transmission network
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1. Transmission lines limits
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Mettlen-Lavorgo
Sils-Soazza
03:01
Tree flashover!
Transmission lines limits
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3 risk factors for flashoverFactor 1: High voltage
Transmission lines limits
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High voltage
Dramatically lowers losses to resistance
1 KV-> 10KVLoss falls to 1%
Factor 100
Transmission lines limits
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1 KV-> 100KVLoss falls to 0.01%
Factor 10.000
Transmission lines limits
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3 risk factors for flashoverFactor 1: High voltage
Factor 2: High load
Transmission lines limits
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Sagging of the line
Transmission lines limits
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3 risk factors for flashoverFactor 1: High voltage
Factor 3: Proximity to trees
Factor 2: High load
Transmission lines limits
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Clearance: Trees below transmission lines must be kept short enough
Transmission lines limits
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Mettlen-Lavorgo
Sils-Soazza
After the blackout incident, the Swiss
authorities revised their policy of clearance.
Transmission lines limits
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Question
Do transmission lines have a higher capacity in winter or in summer?
Raise your hand if you think that transmission lines have a higher capacity in winter.
Transmission lines limits
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1. Transmission lines limits
2. Dispatch
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Mettlen-Lavorgo
Sils-Soazza
03:01
Dispatch
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?
A B
Injection: 100MW Injection:
20MW
Withdrawal: 50MW
Withdrawal: 70MW
Net Injection: 50MW
Net Withdrawal:
50MW
Dispatch
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Physical flow: 50MW
A B
Net Injection: 50MW
Net Withdrawal:
50MW
Dispatch
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Net Withdrawal:
50MW
Physical flow: 50MW
A B
Net Injection: 50MW ∆ -10MW
40MW
∆-10MW
40MW
∆ -10MW
40MW
Dispatch
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Physical flow: 40MW
A B
Net Injection: 40MW
Net Withdrawal:
40MW
Electricity cannot just be “send” somewhere
Any flow is the RESULT of the injection and withdrawals
Dispatch
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03:11
The Swiss TSO operator asks the Italian TSO for countermeasures
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Mettlen-Lavorgo
Sils-Soazza
03:21
Italy reduces import by -300 MW
03:25
Dispatch
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1. Transmission lines limits
2. Dispatch
3. Frequency and synchronicity
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Frequency and Synchronicity
Direct Current (DC)
Alternating Current (AC)
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Frequency and Synchronicity
AlternatingCurrent (AC)
50 Hertz
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Does a lamp in your house receive zero energy 100 times a second and is thus blinking?
Raise your hand if you think that this is indeed the case.
Frequency and Synchronicity
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50 Herz is the frequency in Europe
Frequency and Synchronicity
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A shortage of generation makes the frequency fall
Slight shortage
Frequency and Synchronicity
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A surplus of generation makes the frequency rise
Slight surplus
Frequency and Synchronicity
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http://www.dynamicdemand.co.uk/grid.htm
Frequency and Synchronicity
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All generators are synchronized
UCTE = Continental
Synchronous Area
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UCTE = Continental
Synchronous Area
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03:26
All interconnectors are automatically disconnected
Frequency and Synchronicity
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Mini circuit breakersFrequency and Synchronicity
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High voltage circuit breakersFrequency and Synchronicity
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1. Transmission lines limits
2. Dispatch
3. Frequency and synchronicity
4. The future of the EU transmission network.
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03:26
Interconnectors very high loaded at night!
The future of the EU transmission network
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QuestionWhat can explain the intensive use of
interconnectors? A. Stability and security support B. Reserves sharingC. Internal energy marketD. The EU 2020 and 2050 targets
The future of the EU transmission network
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Internal EU market induces increase in cross-border trading
The future of the EU transmission network
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Greenhouse-effect undisputed
The future of the EU transmission network
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2020 Targets: 20% decarbonization
2050 Targets: 80% decarbonization
The future of the EU transmission network
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Massive deployment of wind and solar energy
The future of the EU transmission network
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ENTSOE Ten-year network development
plan
2015-2020 Increase from 300.000 KM to
340.000KM
The future of the EU transmission network
Increase of 14%
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European Climate
FoundationIncrease of almost
400%
The future of the EU transmission network
2050 Increase from 34 GW to 127
GW
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ReferencesENTSOE. 210. Ten-year network development plan 2010-2020. ENTSO-E AISBL: Brussels.
European Climate Foundation, 2010. Roadmap, a practical guide to a prosperous, low-carbon Europe. Available at www. roadmap2050.eu.
Grainger, John and William Stevenson, 1994. Power system analysis. McGraw-Hill: New York.
UCTE. 2004. Final report of the Investigation Committee on the 28 September 2003 Blackout in Italy. Secretariat of UCTE: Brussels.
UCTE. 2009. The 50 Year Success Story – Evolution of a European Interconnected Grid. Secretariat of UCTE: Brussels.
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THANK YOU!Principles of Transmission
applied to the EU transmission network
Silvester van KotenJean-Monnet Fellow at EUI, FSR