Processes
Part 1
ProcessesHistorical processes which have left their mark on the languages
• Complete
• Incomplete
ProcessesHistorical processes which have left their mark on the languages
• Complete– Consonant Singling: ladder latter written
running follow– Initial kn and gn: know, knee, gnat
ProcessesHistorical processes which have left their mark on the languages
• Complete• Incomplete
– FOOT-STRUT Split :butch, put, much, stuff, love, countrycushion, discussion
– BATH-TRAP Split:bath, mathpass, mass
“Incomplete” but FINISHED!
WellsChapter 3
Middle English
Wells 3.2 British prestige innovations
Wells 3.3 Some American innvoations
Wells 3.4 Later British innvoations
1400
1600"The Great
Divide"
Wells 3.1 Residualisms
Wells 1.3. Residualisms
• residue: remains, leavings, leyfar, eftirstöðvar
• processes which are completed in most dialects, but have not have occurred in all
Wells: Residualisms
• Great Vowel Shift
• NG Coalescence
• Velar Fricative
• Long Mid Mergers
• Fleece Merger
3.1.1.Great Vowel Shift
tide
sweet
clean
name
house
moon
stone
tíd
swét
clæn
nama
hús
móna
stán
´
tide
sweet
clean
name
house
moon
stone
tide
sweet
clean
name
house
moon
stone
Effects of GVS
1. Spelling: relation of “long” and “short” vowelsbit – bite, rat – rate, pen – green, rod – rode, cut - cute
2. Some words waver: privacy, patriot, lever3. Morphology: divine, divinity, serene, serenity
profane, profanity, nation national• Trisyllabic Shortening:stressed long vowel→ short /_CVCV
4. Various other relationships such as • bite-bitten, divide-division, keep-kept
5. Dialectally: difference between GVS North and South
Great Vowel Shift:South
Great Vowel Shift:North
also called “G Deletion”
• Not in Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool
• Hypercorrections: loss in finger, longer
• Generalised NG coalescence in parts of Scotland and Ulster
• Variably generalised in certain words elsewhere: English, language etc
Orangutan?
• right eight brought daughter through
< riht eahta broht dohtor þurh
• borough Edinburh, cough rough laugh
• Sometimes causes lengthening
• Some retension in Traditional-dialect; but the local accent with the standard form usually exists.
http://www.hi.is/~peturk/KENNSLA/87/VARS/LongMidMergers.html
tide
sweet
clean
name
tide
sweetclean
name
Click for Processes Part 2