![Page 1: Prof Rick Gaitskell Department of Physics Brown University Main source at WebCT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070401/56813767550346895d9efa86/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Gaitskell
PH0008 (Spring 2004) SR L02 (v01)Quantum Mechanics and Special Relativity
Relativity’s Renaissance! From the Michelson-Morley Experiment
to Special Relativity & Time Dilation
Prof Rick Gaitskell
Department of PhysicsBrown University
Main source at WebCT
See also research links at http://gaitskell.brown.edu & http://particleastro.brown.edu
![Page 2: Prof Rick Gaitskell Department of Physics Brown University Main source at WebCT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070401/56813767550346895d9efa86/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Rick Gaitskell Brown Physics Spring 2004 v01
Physics 8 - Special Relativity & Quantum Mechanics
Photographs, Jerry Zani, Demonstrator, Brown Physics
![Page 3: Prof Rick Gaitskell Department of Physics Brown University Main source at WebCT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070401/56813767550346895d9efa86/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Rick Gaitskell Brown Physics Spring 2004 v01
Practical Demonstrations
Photographs, Jerry Zani, Demonstrator, Brown Physics
18C Martin OrreryMichelson Interferometer
Speed of LightMeasurement
Relativistic Inertial Frame !Cameras for obtainingadvantageous view point
![Page 4: Prof Rick Gaitskell Department of Physics Brown University Main source at WebCT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070401/56813767550346895d9efa86/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Rick Gaitskell Brown Physics Spring 2004 v01
Physics 8 - Special Relativity & Quantum Mechanics
Photographs, Jerry Zani, Demonstrator, Brown Physics
Bulk of Lecture Deliveredusing Electronic Slides
Hand-outs of all slides
![Page 5: Prof Rick Gaitskell Department of Physics Brown University Main source at WebCT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070401/56813767550346895d9efa86/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Rick Gaitskell Brown Physics Spring 2004 v01
A Few Examples of Slides in Use for PH8 …
![Page 6: Prof Rick Gaitskell Department of Physics Brown University Main source at WebCT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070401/56813767550346895d9efa86/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Rick Gaitskell Brown Physics Spring 2004 v01
Interference - Young’s Double Slits
• Combination of two 2-D waves from different (spatially separated sources) which have a constant relative phase
o As well as same wavelength & velocity
QuickTime™ and aAnimation decompressorare needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and aAnimation decompressorare needed to see this picture.
QuickTime™ and aAnimation decompressorare needed to see this picture.
![Page 7: Prof Rick Gaitskell Department of Physics Brown University Main source at WebCT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070401/56813767550346895d9efa86/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Rick Gaitskell Brown Physics Spring 2004 v01
QuickTime™ and aAnimation decompressorare needed to see this picture.
Transverse Normal Modes (for m’s and k’s symmetric)
• Balls lie on half integer cycle sine curves
Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3 Mode 4
1 Ball
2 Balls
3 Balls
4 Balls
![Page 8: Prof Rick Gaitskell Department of Physics Brown University Main source at WebCT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070401/56813767550346895d9efa86/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Rick Gaitskell Brown Physics Spring 2004 v01
Expression for each ball’s vertical position with time
• The full description of p’th ball’s vertical position in n’th normal mode (this case n=2) where we have N (=4) total balls at a given time t is
N=4
p=1p=2
p=3 p=4
€
- All balls oscillate in given mode move with same frequency : cos(ωn t)- Freq. of each mode is different
ωn = 2ω0 sinπ
2
n
N +1
⎛
⎝ ⎜
⎞
⎠ ⎟ ω0 =
T0
ml
⎛
⎝ ⎜
⎞
⎠ ⎟
1
2
- Incl. phase gives more general case cos(ωn t + δ)
€
yp,n(t)=Apncos(ωnt)
€
Apn =Cnsin2πn2
⎛
⎝ ⎜
⎞
⎠ ⎟
pN+1
⎛
⎝ ⎜
⎞
⎠ ⎟
€
Ap=0 ≡0Ap=N+1 ≡0
![Page 9: Prof Rick Gaitskell Department of Physics Brown University Main source at WebCT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070401/56813767550346895d9efa86/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Rick Gaitskell Brown Physics Spring 2004 v01
Dispersion Simulation (1)
• ug = up
o The wave packets are fixed in shape
QuickTime™ and aAnimation decompressorare needed to see this picture.
€
[Blue] λ1 =1, u1 =1
[Green] λ 2 =1.2, u2 =1
![Page 10: Prof Rick Gaitskell Department of Physics Brown University Main source at WebCT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070401/56813767550346895d9efa86/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Rick Gaitskell Brown Physics Spring 2004 v01
Dispersion Simulation (2)
• ug = 1, up = 2o Wave crests inside packets appear to move faster than wave packets
QuickTime™ and aAnimation decompressorare needed to see this picture.
€
[Blue] λ1 =1, u1 =1.92
[Green] λ 2 =1.2, u2 = 2.1
![Page 11: Prof Rick Gaitskell Department of Physics Brown University Main source at WebCT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070401/56813767550346895d9efa86/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Rick Gaitskell Brown Physics Spring 2004 v01
![Page 12: Prof Rick Gaitskell Department of Physics Brown University Main source at WebCT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070401/56813767550346895d9efa86/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Rick Gaitskell Brown Physics Spring 2004 v01
Video Material
• Video Clip from The Mechanical Universe Series, CalTecho Will be broadcast on PBS in May 2004
• Digital Editing allows more fluid inclusion of materialo Also permits viewing as part of course web site
Introduce PRS Q&A ….
![Page 13: Prof Rick Gaitskell Department of Physics Brown University Main source at WebCT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070401/56813767550346895d9efa86/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Rick Gaitskell Brown Physics Spring 2004 v01
Question SpecRel L05-Q3
•Which graph best reflects a Galilean (rather than Lorentz Transform)?
xct
x’
ct’
x
ct
x’
ct’(3) (4)
x
ct
x’
ct’(1)
x
ct
x’
ct’(2)
![Page 14: Prof Rick Gaitskell Department of Physics Brown University Main source at WebCT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070401/56813767550346895d9efa86/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Rick Gaitskell Brown Physics Spring 2004 v01
“Zappers”
Photographs, Jerry Zani, Demonstrator, Brown Physics
PRS - Personal ResponseSystem
![Page 15: Prof Rick Gaitskell Department of Physics Brown University Main source at WebCT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070401/56813767550346895d9efa86/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Rick Gaitskell Brown Physics Spring 2004 v01
Physics 8 - Special Relativity & Quantum Mechanics
Photographs, Jerry Zani, Demonstrator, Brown Physics
![Page 16: Prof Rick Gaitskell Department of Physics Brown University Main source at WebCT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070401/56813767550346895d9efa86/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Rick Gaitskell Brown Physics Spring 2004 v01
Physics 8 - Special Relativity & Quantum Mechanics
Photographs, Jerry Zani, Demonstrator, Brown Physics
![Page 17: Prof Rick Gaitskell Department of Physics Brown University Main source at WebCT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070401/56813767550346895d9efa86/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Rick Gaitskell Brown Physics Spring 2004 v01
Course Material On-line (WebCT)
• Single Framework for All Course Material• Additonal Feedback Mechanisms
o Just In Time Quizzes
![Page 18: Prof Rick Gaitskell Department of Physics Brown University Main source at WebCT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070401/56813767550346895d9efa86/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Rick Gaitskell Brown Physics Spring 2004 v01
Video Conferencing - Specialized Graduate Lectures
• PH 232 Quantum Field Theory & PH234 Group Theory (Prof David Lowe)
o These classes are taught by one lecturer to grads at multiple campuses via Video Conferencing
o Particularly effective for graduate student lecture series in which graduates from a number of schools can be exposed to an expert in very specific discipline
![Page 19: Prof Rick Gaitskell Department of Physics Brown University Main source at WebCT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070401/56813767550346895d9efa86/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Rick Gaitskell Brown Physics Spring 2004 v01
A Few Notes On Computing Use in Research Physics
![Page 20: Prof Rick Gaitskell Department of Physics Brown University Main source at WebCT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070401/56813767550346895d9efa86/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Rick Gaitskell Brown Physics Spring 2004 v01
What nature has to offer
What you hope for!
Thanks to Dan Akerib, CWRU
![Page 21: Prof Rick Gaitskell Department of Physics Brown University Main source at WebCT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070401/56813767550346895d9efa86/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Rick Gaitskell Brown Physics Spring 2004 v01
Search for WIMP Dark Matter
• Gaitskell / CDMS Collaboration• Looking for the very occasional interaction of WIMPs with (sub-) terrestrial detectors
o Expected Signal Rates ~1 /kg/week - 1/100 kg/yearo http//particleastro.brown.edu
ZIP 1 (Ge)ZIP 2 (Ge)ZIP 3 (Ge)ZIP 4 (Si)ZIP 5 (Ge)ZIP 6 (Si)
SQUID cards
FET cards
4 K
0.6 K0.06 K
0.02 K
Experimental Particle Astrophysics Group (left to right) John-Paul Thompson, Peter Sorensen, Rick Gaitskell,
Yongwook Kim, Michael Attisha, Jane Martin, Robert Morris
![Page 22: Prof Rick Gaitskell Department of Physics Brown University Main source at WebCT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070401/56813767550346895d9efa86/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Rick Gaitskell Brown Physics Spring 2004 v01
Working at Soudan, Minnesota
![Page 23: Prof Rick Gaitskell Department of Physics Brown University Main source at WebCT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070401/56813767550346895d9efa86/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Rick Gaitskell Brown Physics Spring 2004 v01
CDMS II at Soudan
![Page 24: Prof Rick Gaitskell Department of Physics Brown University Main source at WebCT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070401/56813767550346895d9efa86/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Rick Gaitskell Brown Physics Spring 2004 v01
Search for WIMP Dark Matter
• Gaitskell / CDMS Collaboration• Looking for the very occasional interaction of WIMPs with terrestrial detectors
o Rates ~1 /kg/week - 1/100 kg/year• Detectors Trigger ~0.1 Hz
o Low Background Experimento Current Exposures of 3-6 monthso ~ 1 Million Events x ~0.1 Mbyte/event
• We are looking to extract a few of them as evidence for Dark Matter
• Brown Group Programs/Runs Event Processing Farms
o 16 CPU / 16 CPU / 80 CPU Farmso ~1 week to spool through data
ZIP 1 (Ge)ZIP 2 (Ge)ZIP 3 (Ge)ZIP 4 (Si)ZIP 5 (Ge)ZIP 6 (Si)
SQUID cards
FET cards
4 K
0.6 K0.06 K
0.02 K
![Page 25: Prof Rick Gaitskell Department of Physics Brown University Main source at WebCT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070401/56813767550346895d9efa86/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Rick Gaitskell Brown Physics Spring 2004 v01
Gravitational Lensing “Deep Lens Survey”
• Prof Ian Dell’Antonio• 4m Telescopes at Kitt Peak (Arizona) and Cerro Tololo (Chile)
• 64 MPix Camera• 150 Mbytes/Exposure• 100-150 exposures per night• 15-25 Gbytes/night
• Processing at Browno 10 Gbyte sets (from 2.5 TByte library)o Single analysis runlasts ~6 hours on high end workstation
o Multiple Runs required to form stats
Photo: George Jacoby (WIYN/NOAO)
![Page 26: Prof Rick Gaitskell Department of Physics Brown University Main source at WebCT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070401/56813767550346895d9efa86/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Rick Gaitskell Brown Physics Spring 2004 v01
TCASCV @ Brown - 3D Planetarium
• Technical Center for Advanced Scientific Computing and Visualization• Dell’Antonio/Singer (grad)/Prabhat (staff)
![Page 27: Prof Rick Gaitskell Department of Physics Brown University Main source at WebCT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070401/56813767550346895d9efa86/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Rick Gaitskell Brown Physics Spring 2004 v01
(Future) LSST - Large Synoptic Survey Telescope
• Wide Field Ground Based Telescope designed to survey the entire visible sky every few nights
o NEO Searches, transients, Dark Matter, Dark Energy, Outer Solar System• Compact 8.4 m primary, 3.4 m secondary, 5.2 m tertiary• 2.3 Gpixel Detector• 10s exposure -> 9.2 GB / 17 secs , 10-20 TB/night, ~4 PB/year • Goal First Light 2011 (if approved)
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Gordon Squires, CalTech
![Page 28: Prof Rick Gaitskell Department of Physics Brown University Main source at WebCT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070401/56813767550346895d9efa86/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Rick Gaitskell Brown Physics Spring 2004 v01
Main Injector(new)
Tevatron
DØCDF
Chicago
p source
Booster
DØ Detector @ FermiLab
shielding
muon system
electronics
Brown Physics: Profs Cutts, Partridge, Landsberg
![Page 29: Prof Rick Gaitskell Department of Physics Brown University Main source at WebCT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070401/56813767550346895d9efa86/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Rick Gaitskell Brown Physics Spring 2004 v01
Tevatron Data Rates
• Raw Interaction Rate 2.5 MHzo This is reduced by a series of triggers designed to identify interesting physics to ~50 Hz
• Factor 50,000 reductiono Saved events ~0.5 Mbyteso Given duty cycle, this represents ~200 TB/year
![Page 30: Prof Rick Gaitskell Department of Physics Brown University Main source at WebCT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070401/56813767550346895d9efa86/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Rick Gaitskell Brown Physics Spring 2004 v01
The Large Hadron Collider Project
4 detectors CMSATLAS
LHCb
Storage – Raw recording rate 0.1 – 1 GBytes/sec
Accumulating at 5-8 PetaBytes/year
10 PetaBytes of disk
Processing – 200,000 of today’s fastest PCs
Les Robetson, CERN
Begin operation 2007 Brown is part of CMS Collaboration
![Page 31: Prof Rick Gaitskell Department of Physics Brown University Main source at WebCT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070401/56813767550346895d9efa86/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Rick Gaitskell Brown Physics Spring 2004 v01
QuickTime™ and aTIFF (LZW) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
![Page 32: Prof Rick Gaitskell Department of Physics Brown University Main source at WebCT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070401/56813767550346895d9efa86/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Rick Gaitskell Brown Physics Spring 2004 v01
A Few Conclusions on Use of Technology in Teaching Present/Future
(Faculty Perspective)• Student Feedback has been very positive on new techniques
o Popular culture / speed of delivery • Looking for ways to leverage faculty teaching time
o Compete Internationally on Research & Deliver Excellent Teachingo Load associated with preparation of electronic material can be considerable
• Expand access to support personnel - to date support from CIS Instruct. Tech. Group has been absolutely invaluable
o Looking to Create Multipliers• Tailored Publishing, dynamic course texts• Previous development work on courses can be filtered/feed into subsequent courses
incarnations (Archives)• Facilitate Inter departmental coordination of material (e.g. Math/Eng/Physics)• Use of on-line video to expand lecture access / change nature of classroom time
o Monitoring of work loads on students• Promote best practices for time management / scholarship
![Page 33: Prof Rick Gaitskell Department of Physics Brown University Main source at WebCT](https://reader036.vdocument.in/reader036/viewer/2022070401/56813767550346895d9efa86/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Rick Gaitskell Brown Physics Spring 2004 v01
… & Research
• Physics Research invariably pushes Computing to its absolute limitso Writing of Software is a huge hidden cost in many physics experimentso Research Groups have an enormous wealth of experience with system creation / management
• Support required from University for Research Program like Physicso Emphasis Less of maintenance of individual machineso Emphasis More on Software Licensing / Network Infrastructure
• Visualization / Interaction with Data is clearly still in its infancy
• General Point…• Universities are designed to be Open Environments, facilitating contact/discussion
o Ensure that general technology strategy is consistent with thiso Open Access / Open Standards