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Unit 1(((No extra info providedeverything according to syl.
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ROLE OF AN ARCHITECT
When we think of an architect, we think of the person who is the
ultimate designer of a building, and in a way this is true. But
most often, a very collaborative process leads to a finished
structure. Its the architect who develops the overall concept and
design of a building, and who monitors the execution in order to
make sure it complies with the original vision. But its the
engineer who analyzes the design and determines its functional
feasibility.
In addition to designing the building's appearance, an
architect must be conscious of how different structural materials
are used, and how they will affect the overall building, as well as
having an understanding of and involvement with heating and
cooling systems, ventilation, electrical, and plumbing systems -
although the construction details for these are worked out by
structural, civil, environmental, and mechanical engineers.
Architects often oversee interior design and furnishings, as well
as landscaping. Moreover, they are ultimately responsible for
ensuring that the building complies with all zoning laws, building
codes, fire regulations, and other ordinances.
A simplistic view of the role is that architects create architectures,
and their responsibilities encompass all that is involved in doing
so. This would include articulating the architectural vision,
conceptualizing and experimenting with alternative architectural
approaches, creating models and component andinterface
specification documents, and validating the architecture against
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requirements and assumptions. However, any experienced
architect knows that the role involves not just these technical
activities, but others that are more political and strategic in
nature on the one hand, and more like those of a consultant, on
the other.
These activities drive the competencies that the architect needs
to be successful. We present a competency framework that helps
architects assess areas for their own personal development, and
managers in identifying who is a good fit for the architect role.
As an architect, you need a thorough knowledge of your
organizations products, relevant technologies and development
processes. But even in the technical area, your key activities are
different than those of developers.
Activities include articulating the architecture vision,
conceptualizing and experimenting with alternative architectural
approaches, creating models and component and interface
specification documents, validating the architecture against
requirements and assumptions, preparing documents and
explaining the architecture to sponsors and stakeholders.
Individually, young
architects must improve their understanding of the profession in
order to work well inside of it and to help the public understandit. They must learn from their own experience and from that of
older architects.
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If the public better understood what architects are required and
wish to do, then the architects role in improving society can beimproved. The public would be able to support architects better
in that role and allow themselves to be educated by architects on
what can be done to improve the built environment.
ARCHITECTURE PROFESSION AS COMPARED TO OTHER
PROFESSIONS
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Architecture is the art and science of designing buildings
and other physical structures.
Architecture is about the making of places where people spend
their lives. Architects are not just concerned with the exterior and
interior design of a building, but the environment as a whole.
Architecture is mostly about human beings living in a better way
than before. Social sciences and psychology is as important as
nanotechnology in sustainable materials
Overall job opportunities in engineering are expected to be good,
but will vary by specialty. A bachelors degree is required for
most entry-level jobs. Starting salaries are significantly higher
than those of college graduates in other fields. Continuingeducation is critical for engineers wishing to enhance their value
to employers as technology evolves.
Engineers apply the principles of science and mathematics to
develop economical solutions to technical problems. Their work
is the link between perceived social needs and commercial
applications.
Engineers consider many factors when developing a new
product. For example, in developing an industrial robot,
engineers precisely specify the functional requirements; design
and test the robots components; integrate the components to
produce the final design; and evaluate the designs overall
effectiveness, cost, reliability, and safety. This process applies to
the development of many different products, such as chemicals,
computers, gas turbines, helicopters, and toys.
Engineers use computers extensively to produce and analyze
designs; to simulate and test how a machine, structure, or
system operates; and to generate specifications for parts. Many
engineers also use computers to monitor product quality and
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control process efficiency. The field of nanotechnology, which
involves the creation of high-performance materials and
components by integrating atoms and molecules, also is
introducing entirely new principles to the design process.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROFESSION AND BUSINESS
Business:
It involves an activity relating to purchase and sale of goods withan objective of earning profit.
It does not necessitate specialized study of knowledge. The primary objective of the business is maximization of profit. It involves huge amount of capital. The entire process of business involves risks.
Profession:
It involves rendering of specialized services for a reward called afee.
Profession necessitates specialized study, training andknowledge.
It involves element of service in exchange of an economicreward.
It involves less amount of capital. Though risk is there in profession, it is negligible.
Following are the main difference between business and
profession.
1. Minimum qualification
No qualification is required to start a business.
A minimum technical or academic qualification is needed to
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join a profession.
2. Capital
An adequate amount of capital is required to run the business
efficiently.
Real capital is the competency and specialized knowledge ofthe profession.
3. Objective
The main objective of the business is to earn profits.
Service first, profit second is the main objective of the
profession.
4. Risk
There is an element of risk in the business.
In profession, there is minimum risk.
5. Secrecy
The secrecy in the business transactions is not necessary.
A professional must maintain the secrecy of dealings with his
clients.
6. Code of Conduct
There is no specific code of conduct for the business.
There is a code of conduct for every profession for regulating
their dealings.
7. Specialization A businessman need not to have a specialized knowledge for
starting a business
A professional must have a specialized knowledge in the
profession which he wants to join.
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8. Advertisement
Generally, the goods are advertised in business to increase
sales.
Advertisement is prohibited in all the professions according to
their code of conduct.
9. Criteria of Efficiency
Profits in business is the only criteria of efficiency.
Quality of service rendered is the basis of measuring the
efficiency.
10. Transferability
One can easily transfer his interest in business to other. For
example father can transfer his business to his son.
Profession involves the specialized knowledge which can not
be transferred to any other person.
ARCHITECT'S REGISTRATION
In each State and Territory is a legal requirement that any
person using the title 'architect' or offering services to the public
as an architect, must be registered with the Architects' Board in
that jurisdiction.
Each State and Territory has its own Architects' Board. Generally,
the following three steps outline the requirements for registration
as an architect in a State or Territory :
Step 1 of the process
You should have a qualification in architecture from school of
architecture and would like to find out about the accreditation
status of your qualification,. You should have a qualification in
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architecture from an overseas school of architecture and would
like to find out about assessment of your qualification,
Step 2 of the process
After you have satisfied the academic requirements set out in
step one, you will be required to undertake a period of practical
experience, followed by the Architectural Practice Examination
(APE).
Step 3 of the Process
Having completed the requirements of steps one and two, you
must apply for registration to the Architects' Board in the State or
Territory in which you wish to practice, pay the fees determined
by the Board and provide all information as required by theBoard.
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THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECTS
History
The history of The Indian Institute of Architects is one of
absorbing interest. Unfolding the scenes throughout the years,
it speaks in its manifold aspects, of the struggles and
influence of architectural education from one solitary centre
throughout India, of the rebirth and youth of a profession
which the Country had almost forgotten, of a struggle for
existence and the need to have the meaning and value of
Architecture and architectural service understood andattempts and experiments towards a new stage in the
architecture of the country. In the Renaissance or reawakening
of India, the Institute has its due place in the sphere of
Architecture.
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Its history is also one of men with vision and ideals, men who
had at heart, the welfare of architecture and the profession
and who with such a goal, helped to lay and build up the
foundations of an architectural future fraught with the finest
possibilities conceivable.
THE ARCHITECTURAL STUDENT'S ASSOCIATION (1917-22)
On May - 12th, 1917, the first historic meeting was held in
Mr. Foster King's bungalow, set in the sylvan surroundings of
the School of Art compound. It was here, according to a
tablet on the building, that the famous Rudyard Kipling was
born on the 30th December 1865. One may well imagine what
the scene must have been then, for some of the beautifulsurroundings of trees and greenery are fortunately still
preserved in the very heart of a great industrial and
commercial city. In such a setting of beauty and peace, the
child that was to grow up into the Indian Institute of
Architects, was also born.
At the first meeting held, the members present decided to
form themselves into an association of the past students ofArchitecture of Sir J.J. School of Art and it was decided to
christen the infant "The Architectural Students Association".
Late Mr. George Wittet, the then Consulting Architect to the
Government of Bombay, was unanimously elected as the first
"President" of the Association.
THE BOMBAY ARCHITECTURAL ASSOCIATION (1922-29)
The activities of the Association showed, steady progress and
after Professor Cable's term of office, Mr. Batley was elected
President in 1921, and it was about this time, that members
began to seriously consider an improvement in status of the
Association. The word "Students" seemed inapt for a body
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"To continue the work of the Bombay Architectural
Association founded as the Architectural Student's
Association in 1917" and
"To encourage the study of Architecture, to elevate the
standard of Architectural Practice and by mutual support, to
promote the interests of Architects throughout India".
The Institute began its activities in the room of the Sohrab F.
Bharoocha Architectural Library, 7-10, Elphinston Circle,
Bombay and this therefore was the first permanent
headquarters for the various activities of the Institute. Later,
as things improved, the Institute and Library moved into the
new and more convenient quarters which it at presentoccupies at Prospect Chambers Annexe, Hornby Road, now
Dr. Dadabhai Naoroji Road, Mumbai - 400 001.
In 1929, the membership was 158. Today it has crossed the
12000 mark.
Legal Status of the Institute
The Indian Institute of Architects is registered under the
Societies Registration Act XXI of 1860 as a voluntary
organisation of Architects. The only other organisation at the
national level is the Council of Architecture established under
the Architects Act 1972 with the statutory duty of Registration.
COUNCIL OF ARCHITECTURE (COA)
The Council of Architecture (COA) has been constituted by the
Government of India under the provisions of the Architects Act,
1972, enacted by the Parliament of India, which came into force
on 1st September, 1972. The Act provides for registration of
Architects, standards of education, recognized qualifications and
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standards of practice to be complied with by the practicing
architects. The Council of Architecture is charged with the
responsibility to regulate the education and practice of profession
throughout India besides maintaining the register of architects.
For this purpose, the Government of India has framed Rules and
Council of Architecture has framed Regulations as provided for in
the Architects Act, with the approval of Government of India.
Any person desirous of carrying on the profession of 'Architect'
must have registered himself with Council of Architecture. For the
purpose of registration, one must possess the requisite
qualification as appended to the Architects Act, after having
undergone the education in accordance with the Council of
Architecture (Minimum Standards of Architectural Education)
Regulations, 1983.
The registration with Council of Architecture entitles a person to
practice the profession of architecture, provided he holds a
Certificate of Registration with up-to-date renewals. The
registration also entitles a person to use the title and style of
Architect. The title and style of architect can also be used by a
firm of architects, of which all partners are registered with COA.
Limited Companies, Private/Public Companies, societies and
other juridical persons are not entitled to use the title and style of
architect nor are they entitled to practice the profession of
architecture.
If any person falsely claims to be registered or misuses title and
style of architect, such acts tantamount to committing of a
criminal offence, which is punishable under section 36 or 37 (2)
of the Architects Act, 1972.
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The practice of profession of an architect is governed by the
Architects (Professional Conduct) Regulations, 1989 (as
amended in 2003), which deals with professional ethics and
etiquette, conditions of engagement and scale of charges,
architectural competition guidelines etc. Pursuant to these
Regulations, the Council of Architecture has framed guidelines
governing the various aspects of practice. An architect is required
to observe professional conduct as stipulated in the Regulations
of 1989 and any violation thereof shall constitute a professional
misconduct, which will attract disciplinary action as stipulated
under section 30 of the Architects Act, 1972.
There are 280 institutions, which impart architectural education in
India leading to recognized qualifications. The standards of
education being imparted in these institutions (constituent
colleges/departments of universities, deemed universities,
affiliated colleges/schools, IITs, NITs and autonomous
institutions) is governed by Council of Architecture (Minimum
Standards of Architectural Education) Regulations, 1983, which
set forth the requirement of eligibility for admission, course
duration, standards of staff & accommodation, course content,
examination etc. These standards as provided in the said
Regulations are required to be maintained by the institutions. The
COA oversees the maintenance of the standards periodically by
way of conducting inspections through Committees of Experts.The COA is required to keep the Central Government informed of
the standards being maintained by the institutions and is
empowered to make recommendations to the Government of
India with regard to recognition and de-recognition of a
qualification.
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OTHER ORGANISATIONS
American Architectural Manufacturers Association AAMA is
the source of performance standards, product certification and
educational programs for the fenestration industry.
American Design Drafting Association ADDA is exclusively for
the professional designer drafter in all disciplines including
manufacturing, utilities, construction, engineering, government
and education.
American Institute of ArchitectsAIA has represented the
architectural profession with resources and tools for over 135
years.
American Institute of Building Design AIBD is a nonprofit
professional organization dedicated to the development,recognition, and enhancement of the profession of building
design.
American Memory Library of Congress: Built in America:
Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic American
Engineering Record Queryarchives black and white photographs,
drawings and other data pertaining to historic structures.
American National Standards Institute ANSI serves asadministrator and coordinator of the United States private sector
voluntary standardization system.
Architectural and Transportation Barriers Compliance Board
serves the nation as the only independent federal agency whose
primary mission is accessibility for people with disabilities.
Architecture for Humanityis a registered nonprofitorganization founded in 1999 to seek and promote architectural
and design solutions to global, social and humanitarian crises.
Association of Wall and Ceiling Industries International AWCI
represents acoustics systems, ceiling systems, drywall systems,
exterior insulation and finishing systems, fireproofing, flooring
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systems, insulation, and stucco contractors, suppliers and
manufacturers and those in allied trades.
Construction Specifications Canada CSC is a multi-
disciplinary, non-profit association dedicated to the
improvement of communication, contract documentation, and
technical information in the construction industry. International Organization for Standardization IOS promotes
the development of standardization and related activities.
National Council of Architectural Registration Boards NCARB
is a non-profit federation of 55 state and territory architectural
registration boards in the United States.
National Institute of Building Sciences National CAD Standard
NIBS is the building community's connection to the authoritative
national source of knowledge and advice on matters of building
regulation, science and technology.
National Institute of Standards and Technology NIST was
established by Congress as an agency of the U.S. Department
of Commerce's Technology Administration, with a primary
mission to promote U.S. economic growth by working with
industry to develop and apply technology, measurements, and
standards. National Organization of Minority ArchitectsNOMA has as its
mission the building of a strong national organization, strong
chapters and strong members for the purpose of minimizing the
effect of racism in the profession.
Royal Architectural Institute of Canada RAIC established in
1907, RAIC is a voluntary national association representing
architects, faculty and graduates of Canadian Schools ofArchitecture.
Society of American Registered Architects SARA, founded in
1956, includes the participation of all architects, regardless of
their roles in the architectural community.
Texas Board of Architectural ExaminersTBAE protects the
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public's life, health, safety, welfare, and property by preventing
the unauthorized practice of architecture, landscape
architecture, and interior design.
Texas Society of Architects TSA is a member association
representing the members of the American Institute of Architects
in Texas. Founded in 1939, TSA is made up of 17 regionalchapters; the Society is headquartered in Austin.
The Charles Moore Foundation is dedicated to the
advancement of architecture, guided by the values and thinking
central to Charles W. Moore's teaching, writing and practice.
Whole Building Design GuideWBDG The goal is to create a
successful high-performance building by applying the integrated
design approach to a project during the planning and
programming phases.
AN ARCHITECTS APPROACH TO WORKS:
The sketch is a window into the architects mind. As creative
designers, architects are interested in how other architects,
particularly successful ones, think through the use of drawings toapproach their work. Historically designers have sought
inspiration for their own work through an insight into the minds
and workings of people they often regard as geniuses. This
collection of sketches aims to provide this insight. Here for the
first time, a wide range of world famous architects' sketches
from the Renaissance to the present day can be seen in a single
volume. As creative designers themselves, architects areinterested in how other architects, particularly successful ones,
think and draw and approach their work. Historically designers
have sought inspiration for their own work through an insight into
the minds and workings of people they often regard as geniuses.
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In the course of their work, architects do a variety of things: of
course they design, which means they plan, they visualise, they
relate, they select, they discard, they synthesise, they develop
solutions.
They draw: From simple diagrams to show relationships between
spaces or activities to complete detailed working drawings
showing every last detail and from which contractors and sub-
contractors will estimate the cost of the work and subsequently
construct it.
Architects will also draw in order to explain the design to clients
and to supervisory authorities and will frequently prepare three-
dimensional models. Sometimes they are rough study models formassing and building organisation; sometimes very realistic
models for client or public presentation.
They write: In addition to business correspondence and
administrative paperwork, architects prepare written
documentation of their projects, present programmatic analysis,
write material for reports and presentations, produce articles for
professional magazines and publications, and, of course, writeup specifications which, in company with the working drawings,
define the building.
They speak: Architects make presentations to clients, discuss
design programs and problems and alternative solutions, appear
before public bodies as experts and are frequently referring,
explaining, teaching and persuading. The ability to communicate
clearly and effectively is essential.
They calculate: They must be able to prepare construction and
office budgets; they must be able to understand structural
analysis, heat loads, electrical distribution and traffic flow.
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They manage: Architects must manage their design projects from
ideas to the complete development/ design/ construction
process. During the construction phase, architects carry out
contract administration, which includes general, review of the
work in progress; they interpret drawings and specifications,
resolve job difficulties and monitor the progress of the work
WAYS OF GETTING WORK:
- By the client approaching the Architect knowing hisreputation.
- Getting work by participating in the design competitions.- By recommendations- By publicity to certain extent.- People approaching an Architect for the reputation he has in
the market.
- By technical capabilities and financial bids.- Depending on the past performance.- The types of projects in hand.
TYPES OF WORKS TAKEN UP BY AN ARCHITECT:
STRUCTURAL DESIGN
The primary objective of Structural Design is to evolve a strong,
durable and an efficient skeleton so that the space whicharchitecture encloses, and the form in which it expresses itself as
interior content and an exterior container, becomes an organic
extension of one another. In other words, the architect's
contribution to structural design can effectively bring about
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qualitative change in the built-environment to stimulate the
advancement of society towards a higher order of civilization.
URBAN DESIGN
Urban Design is architecture of the cities, highly complex and
gargantuan in scale. The primary aim of urban design is toimbibe and maintain a sense of identity and harmony among
buildings, open spaces and other structures by means of a
pleasant and memorable visual imagery throughout the length
and breadth of an urban setting. Accessibility at city-level and
the movement at all levels must be designed to operate
smoothly. Volumetric relationships, harmonious spatial
sequences, transition from buildings to open spaces, streetscapeand the services infrastructure must together invest a townscape
with an exclusive imageability.
LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE
Landscape Architecture deals with the analysis, planning, design,
management, preservation and rehabilitation of land and also
determines the environmental impact. It is a science capable ofobjective analysis and synthesis leading to an ecologically-
sensitive design, which is self-sustainable. It integrates from the
very conception, the elements of architecture, urban design and
civil engineering for meaningful and practical solutions. It involves
dealing with such sites as office plazas/ public squares,
highways, city parks/ national parks, housing developments,
institutional campuses, zoological and botanical parks.
INTERIOR ARCHITECTURE
In case of Interior Architecture, the primary objective is to
generate a purposeful ambience such as would stimulate the
user's creative potential through multifarious activities. It must
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facilitate the individual's sense of orientation, identification and
eventual appropriation of architectural spaces,that meld the
interiors and exteriors into symbiotic relationships through varied
experiences of scale, volume, light and shade. The development
of design is a very conscious act and it infuses life into interiors
subconsciously.
Apart from these Architects can and do perform a variety of
design and construction related services. However, not all
architects or architectural firms provide the same services. You
will want to spend some time thinking about the services that you
would want to use if you seek help from an architect. Some of
these services are as follows:
Design Work
The architect can draw plans and specifications, including
structural, mechanical, electrical, plumbing, interior space design
(for both utility and visual impact), and special design
considerations (such as for the handicapped). The architect may
also offer landscaping design services, or solutions to the use of
outside space (for example, design of entrance areas, how to
maximize the use of shared outside space, or the design of off-
street parking and outside storage areas).
Contractor Selection
Most architects have worked with or are aware of a variety of
different kinds of contractors. They can identify candidate
contractors according to such preferences as: the project
budget, the type and size of the project, the perceivedcompatibility of the personalities of the owner and contractor,
and the contractors interest in and availability to work on the
project. The architect can also help you interview contractors and
participate or advise you in the process of obtaining bids or
negotiating a price for the project.
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Permits
The architect can assist you in any required permits.
Construction Administration -Initially, this would involve working
with the contractor to discuss questions about the project, to
make sure the contractor and architect are in agreement about
the design, specifications and other details before the project
starts. At this time the contractor would provide the owner with
the necessary property/liability insurance for the job. Once the
job starts, the architect would begin receiving monthly materials
and labor invoices from the contractor. The architect would make
regular visits to verify the materials and work being billed, monitor
project progress (including keeping the project on budget), and
answer questions. After the architect verifies each monthsinvoices, they would be forwarded to the owner for payment.
Throughout the project, the architect would obtain applicable
materials warranties and lien releases for materials and labor. At
the end of the project, the architect would develop a punch list
of additional work or corrections that need to be performed, and
administer to other details necessary to close out the project.
TENDER DRAWINGS-New, repair and maintenance, restoration,
demolition drawings are also made by an Architect
CONDITIONS OF ENGAGEMENT BETWEEN ARCHITECT AND
CLIENT:
The Council of Architecture has prescribed the Conditions of
Engagement based on general practice of the profession in
India. These documents are applicable to all registered architects
and such architects who have specialized in areas such as
Structural Design, Urban Design, City Planning, Landscape
Architecture, Interior Architecture and Architectural Conservation.
1.RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE ARCHITECT
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-The work of an architect is to study his clients' needs, to
advise, to prepare, direct and coordinate design and to generally
inspect the works and administer the building contract. The
architect must have the authority of his client before initiating any
service or Work Stage.
2.CONSULTANTS
-On the recommendation of the architect, the client shall appoint
and pay consulting engineers, other consultants, or surveyors
who shall be subject to the direction and control of the architect.
the architect's charges do not include charges for consulting
engineers and/or other consultants.
3.COPYRIGHT
-The provisions of this Section shall apply without prejudice to
the architect's lien on drawings and Specifications against unpaid
fees.
4.INSPECTION
-During his on-site inspection made in accordance with Clause1.01.04 the Architect shall endeavor to guard the client against
defects and deficiencies in the work of the contractor, but shall
not be required to make exhaustive or continuous inspections to
check the quality or quantity of the work.
5. DELAY AND CHANGES IN INSTRUCTIONS
-Extra work and expense caused in any Stage of the architect'sservices resulting from unreasonable delay in receiving
instructions, delays in building operations, changes in the client's
instructions, phased contracts, bankruptcy, liquidation or
determination of the contractor or any other cause beyond the
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control of the architect, shall be additionally charged on a time
basis.
6. REMUNERATION
-The services normally provided by an architect in studying his
client's needs, advising him, preparing, directing andcoordinating design and inspecting work executed under the
building contract as described
7. SPECIALIST SUB-CONTRACTORS AND SUPPLIERS
-The architect may recommend that specialist sub-contractors
and suppliers should design and execute any part of the work.
He will be responsible for the direction and integration of theirdesign, and for general inspection of their work in accordance
with Stage E of the Basic Services, but not for the detailed
design or performance of the work entrusted to them.
8. INTERREPTATION AND ARBITRATION
-Any question arising out of these Conditions may be referred in
writing by the architect or client to the TTIA for advice providedalways that any difference or dispute between them is
determined in accordance with Clause 1.08.02.
COMMENCEMENT OF WORK:
- Marking with reference points.-
Soil investigation by the Geological survey( minimumprerequisite things before approvals)
- Footing and column layout with reference points.
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7/28/2019 Professional Practise- Unit 1 Finallyyy
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- Inspection of the site. Every work on the site should becertified and approved by the architect. Specifications,
Quality, Alterations or deviations should be taken care of.
- Bill of Quantity and Quality should be done. Variation bills fordifferent quantities should be made. Measurement book is
maintained at the site for billing.
THE ENNDdddddd !!!!!!