Professor Dr. Jin BQDepartment of Food Science &
Nutrition
NJNU
Introduction Small molecule organic compounds
From Foods
No composition in body
No supplying energy
Joining metabolism
Name
According to the finding history, A B C D----
According to its physiological action, Soluble
According to its chemical structure
Classification
Lipid-solution: A, D, E, K
Liquid-solution: Bcom, C, choline
Vitamin Deficiency 1 Reasons Lower supply from food Lower absorption in gut Requirement increase in crowds Others
2 Deficiency Clinic or Original Marginal Secondary
Cooperation Assisting Anti-assisting
Typicality
Coenzyme/cofactor/adjuvant
Destroyed easily
Lipid-vitamin is easy to store in body-toxin
Liquid-vitamin is rich in foods, and easy to excreted
§Vit. A, Retinol
Typicality Absorption & metabolism Function: 6 kinds
1 Vision: visual yellow, dark adaptation
2 Epithelial growing& cell developing
3 Improving immune
4 Anti-oxidation & anti-cancer Deficiency: Night blindness
Epithelial hurting Delaying growth
RNI & Food Source RE 800ug/700ug
Ul/Vit.A 3000ug/d (2250 IU)
In animal foods, such as liver, yolk, fish oil
In vegetables, such as β-carotene
Toxicity: half-life 128-154d/in body
§Vit. D, Cholecaliferol
1,25-(OH)2 Vit D
D3 cholecalciferol
D2 ergocalciferol
Typicality Absorption & metabolism
Function: 5 kinds 1 Adjusting Ca absorption & re-absorption 2 Maintaining Ca balance in blood4 Assisting Ca deposit in bone or tooth5 Anti-oxidation Deficiency: Bone loss/osteoporosis Rhachitis Gristle Convulsion
RNI & Food Source RNI 5-10ug/d (300-400IU)
UL 20 ug /d
Rich in liver, yolk, fish oil and so on
D transfering in skin
Toxicity: the same as A
Ratio: A:D =8-10:1
§Vit.E, Tocopherol (αβγδ)
History: 1922 got it from malt oil,
Chemist 伊万斯 in US, named Tocopherol
Typicality Absorption & metabolism Function 5kinds
1 Anti-oxidation / GSH-Px
2 For RBC
4 For DNA, CoQ
5 For reproductivity
Deficiency: E+Se, 骨骼肌、心肌损伤 Effects: Gossypol, microelements
RNI 10-12 mg/d
Rich in vegetable oil, nuts, meat, egg, milk
Toxicity: >400mg/d
§ Phylloquinone, Vit.K
Typicality: K1, K2, , yellow
Absorption & metabolism
Function 凝血因子Ⅱ、Ⅶ、Ⅸ、Ⅹ的成分 1 Coagulating
2 Anti-oxidation
3 Hormone-similar, increasing T3/T4
4 Improving gastr-intestine movement
RDA 65-80mg, UL500mg
§ Vit. B Family
Thiamine, B1
1897 found by Dr. Eijkman, 1936 realized its structure Typicality: White crystal Absor
ption & metabolism By 80%TPP, 10%TTP, TMP
25-30mg total in body, 50% in muscle
Function1 Coenzymes
2 For Energy Metabolism, ATP
4 For AA---COO-
5 For Nerves transfer---choline
Exhausted:1mg /d, 2-3w used at all Deficiency: Beriberi, Aneurin RNI=1.3-1.4mg/d, UL=50mg/d
Riboflavin, Vit.B2
Typicality: Orange crystal Absorption & metabolism Function1 Coenzymes: FMN-FAD-flavoprotein2 Energy Metabolism +B1+B2+B6 + PP synthesis3 Fe absorbing
4 Anti-oxidation: GSSG
Exhausted: 60-80d Deficiency: Dermatitis RNI: 1.2-1.4mg/d Good sources: Yolk, meat, cereals, green vegetables
Niacin, Nicotinic Acid, Vit.PP, B3
History:18 centry, found a disease in Italy, pellagra
1912 Funk found a Vit could cure it
1926 yeast cured it
1937 named it,pellagra preventive factor,PP
Typicality: White crystal
Absorption & metabolism: Small intestine + liver
Typicality: White crystal
Absorption & metabolism: Small intestine + liver
Function 1 Coenzymes: NAD, NADP2 For insulin, GTF-glucose tolerance factor (25mg
/kg/d)3 For protein and fat synthesis
Deficiency: Pellagra, dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia
RNI=13-14mg/d, UL= 35mg/d Good sources: Liver, cereals, green vegetables
Vit. B6
1926 found dermatitis in rats when its deficiency 1934 found and named by Prof. Snell Gyorgy 匈牙利 1938 Prof. Gyorgy got crystal B6 and knew its structure 1939 man-made
Typicality: White crystal
Absorption & metabolism: Small intestine
75-80% in muscle
Function 1 Coenzymes: > 100
2 Nerve system, -CH3
3 EM
Deficiency AI= 1.2mg/d Good sources: white meat
Folic Acid
1943 found by Lederle
Typicality: Yellow crystal Absorption & metabolism: Small intestine, 50%
Function (H4F)
1 hemoglobin-RBC2 nerve development
3 –CH3
Deficiency
RNI= 400ug/d, UL 1000ug/d
Good sources: fruits, green vegetables, nuts, beans, egg, meat
Vit.B12
History: 1926 found by Minot and Murphy 1934 获生理学和医学诺贝尔奖。 1948 divided into B12 in US
1956 Hodgkin X 射线 its structure 1964 获化学诺贝尔奖 1972 man-made by Woodward
Typicality: dark red crystal Absorption & metabolism: link inn-factor
Function1 For RBC
2 For nerve development
3 For cofactors, CH3-
Deficiency: RDA: Good sources: fruits, green vegetables, nuts, beans, egg, meat
§ Ascorbic Acid, Vit.C
1928-1932 found Typicality: White crystal Absorption & metabolism
Function 1 Coenzymes2 Fe absorbing
3 Anti-oxidation4 Improving immune
Deficiency: Scurve, perifollicuar hemorrhage
RNI 100mg/d, UL <1000mg/d
Good sources: fruits, green vegetables, nuts, beans, egg, meat
Vitamins percent from Foods in UK