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Profiling bodily trauma and sick-leave
tendencies in occupational Injuries: a
primary care study in the county of
Gävleborg, Sweden 2007-2012.
Leah Okenwa Emegwa (PhD)
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Background
• About 317 million cases of
work injuries resulting in
absence from work of 4 days
or more
• Global estimates equivalent
to roughly 850,000 injuries
per day
• Men overrepresented
• Bodily Harm, disability,
sickleave
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Sickleave
• Time off from work to address health and safety needs
• May be paid or unpaid
• Important for full recovery
• Negatively effects on society and individual if not properly
managed
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Examples of Sickleave
Consequences
• Risk of permanent disability, potential job loss
• Attempted/completed suicide
• Loss of productivity for the time period
• Economic cost of worker’s compensation
• Up to 2.5% of the total gross national product (GNP)
and between 3-6% working hours are lost due to sick
leave
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Work related injury and illness pattern, Sweden
Work related injury women
Work related illnesses women men
Work related injury men
Work related illnesses men
Source: Statistics Sweden
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Questions Needing Answers!
• What are the patterns of bodily trauma resulting from work-
related injuries seen in primary care 2002-2012?
• Do these patterns differ by demographic and occupational
characteristics?
• What is the relative contribution of demographic and
occupational factors in explaining bodily trauma patterns
and sick-leave tendencies?
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Method- study setting
Gävleborg, Sweden
Centrally located by the
east coast
280 000 inhabitants living
on almost 20 000 km2
Three-quarter woodlands
Lakes, hills and mountains
Occupational injury
incidence 6 per 1000
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University of Gävle
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Methods- design,
participants, data analysis
Outpatient records of 3155 injured workers
(2007-2012)
SPSS (descriptive analysis & logistics
regressions)
p<0.05; 95% CI
Ethical approval granted by institutional review
board for the region.
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Results
• Top 4 Injuries
• foreign objects, burns & others
By Gender • Males more prone to injuries of
head/neck
• 2.5 times male risk for burns
• Males 3times more likely to experience penetrating objects to body orificies
• Female workers were more prone to injuries to the trunk and lower extremities. Trunk
(5.6%)
Head/neck Injuries (19%)
Lower Extremities (21%)
Upper Extremities (47%)
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Age
• Head injuries decreased with
increasing age, remained
significant in the multivariate
analysis.
• Injuries to the upper extremities
and lower extremities increased
with age.
• Exception: age 51-60 had
comparably least likelihood for
injuries to lower extremities but
highest odds for injuries of the
upper extremities
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Employment Status
• Head injuries were almost twice more
common among workers with non-
permanent employment forms.
Country of Birth
• Head injuries common among foreign
born workers. Swedish born workers
more prone to hand injuries. None of
these reached significance after
controlling.
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Industial Sector
• Trunk injuries in health/social
works and education sectors.
• Remained significant in multivariate
analysis only for health sector.
• 2.11 odds for upper extremities in
manufacturing; 2.01 odds in
education sector and 1.70 odds for
construction.
• Odds of Injuries to lower
extremities higher for health sector.
Significantly low odds for lower
extremities injuries in manufacturing
and construction
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Sick leave longer than 14days • Men more prone to longer sickleave
• Odds increase with increasing age, almost 4
times the risk for workers above 60years
• Transport workers twice more likely
• Swedish-born workers 1.54 times more likely
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Discussions
Gender differences for injuries also reflected in
sectors dominated by each gender e.g. lower
extremities in healthcare (e.g. falls)
Gender based PPE design?
Manufacturing- upper extremities
Transport- longer sickleave (injury severity??)
Longer sick leave for men- (due to
overrepresentation of men or injury severity?)
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Reccomendations
More industry specific safety policies and
monitoring
Gender/Age consideration in prevention
Prevention/Interventions that incorporate
demographic and occupational risk factors
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Strengths and Weaknesses
Weakness
• Only out-patient records examined
• Only injuries with sick leave were examined
Strength
• Database with comprhensive record keeping system
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