Download - Program transparency for legal machines
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Program Transparency
for Legal Machines
IRIS 2014, Salzburg, 20-22.02.2014
Friedrich LACHMAYER University of Innsbruck
Vytautas ČYRAS Vilnius University
Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics
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1. Legal machines
and transparency
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Changeover
3 Text culture Machine culture
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General Norms Laws
Decrees
Published
Legal machine
programs
No access
Technical changeover ‘legal text’ ‘program’
Text culture Machine culture
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General Norms Laws
Decrees
Published
Legal machines
Ticket machines
Form proceedings
- tax declaration
- FinanzOnline
Legal machine
programs
No access
Technical changeover ‘legal text’ ‘program’
Problems
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1. Transparency e.g. RIS.bka.gv.at
General Norms Laws
Decrees
Published
Party
Individual Norms
Court judgements
Administrative decisions
2. E
x-p
ost
leg
al
pro
tecti
on
Text culture
These 2 means were not from the beginning.
They were trained in the course of time,
but now come as a standard.
• Horizontal level
• Vertical level
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1. Transparency
General Norms Laws
Decrees
Published
Party
Individual Norms
Court judgement
Administrative decisions
2. E
x-p
ost
leg
al
pro
tecti
on
Legal machine
program
No access
Technical changeover ‘legal text’ ‘program’
Text culture Machine culture
These 2 standards are missing
in the emerging machine culture!
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Party
Legal machines
Ticket machines
Form proceedings
Legal machine
programs
No access
1. Lack of
transparency
2. N
o e
x-a
nte
leg
al p
rote
cti
on
We address these 2 standards in
the emerging machine culture:
1. transparency
2. ex-ante legal protection
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Party
Legal machines
Ticket machines
Form proceedings
Legal machine
programs
No access
1. Lack of
transparency
2. N
o e
x-a
nte
leg
al p
rote
cti
on
Requirement 2:
Programs shall provide
a trained, effective and rapid
legal protection
Example1. The law provides 10 variations
but the program contains only 9.
(e.g. declaration of travel expenses)
Example 2. A ticket machine gives no money back.
Requirement 1:
Programs shall be accessible
at least architecturally
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Goal
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Transparency and legal protection
in text culture and machine culture
• Same level standards
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Party
1. Transparency
General Norms Laws
Decrees
Published
Party
Individual Norms
Court judgements
Administrative decisions
2. E
x-p
ost
leg
al
pro
tecti
on
Legal machines
Ticket machines
Form proceedings
Legal machine
programs
No access
1. Lack of
transparency
2. N
o e
x-a
nte
leg
al p
rote
cti
on
Technical transformation ‘legal text’ ‘program’
Text culture Machine culture
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2. The context of justice
in the paradigm change
to e-procedures
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Injustice in machine culture
• H. Kelsen’s objectives in his Pure Theory of Law:
– Paradigm shift. Succeeded.
– Overcoming of the natural law. Succeeded
– To stop argue using the concept of justice.
Did not succeed
• The principle of equality is an element of justice
• Equality is a challenge in e-procedures!
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About injustice
• Injustice is
– less of a normative problem
– more a cognitive (interpretative) problem
• Subsumption is interpretative
– i.e. cognitive at its core
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Equality is challenged in
e-procedures
• Subsumption is accomplished by the parties and not by the court
– State of affairs is a basis for subsumption • Party fills in e-procedure input fields itself
– not a court
• Equality ≠ justice
– A party may be not skillful in law (and IT)
– Intermediaries (in IT) are required
• Big difference between communicating with a human operator and a machine
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Paradigm shift to machine culture
• Success in middle areas
• Hard cases will be handled as before with
manual legal work
• Trivial matters will not be perceived as law
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Implementing transparency
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Requirement 1: Programs shall be accessible
at least architecturally
Requirement 2: Programs shall provide
a trained, effective and rapid
legal protection
• No one-off, best-of-breed solution in software engineering
• Requirements flowdown – to low level specifications
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Conclusions
• There is a problem of the transparency of
legal machines
• There is no silver bullet to implement
transparency requirements easily
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