![Page 1: Progress in HIV Viral Load Testing and Point of Care Testsregist2.virology-education.com/2016/10INTEREST/06_Nkengasong.pdf · Outline •Introduction •Where are we? •Barriers](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/5b3296c97f8b9a81728cb434/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
John N. Nkengasong, Ph.DAssociate Director for Laboratory &
Chief, International Laboratory BranchDivision of Global HIV/AIDS & Tuberculosis
Center for Global Health, CDC Atlanta
Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention
National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD & TB Prevention
Progress in HIV Viral Load Testing
and Point of Care Tests
![Page 2: Progress in HIV Viral Load Testing and Point of Care Testsregist2.virology-education.com/2016/10INTEREST/06_Nkengasong.pdf · Outline •Introduction •Where are we? •Barriers](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/5b3296c97f8b9a81728cb434/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Outline
• Introduction
• Where are we?
• Barriers to Scaling up Viral Load and Uptake
• Platforms and Quality of testing
• Demand Creation
• Point of Care Test
![Page 3: Progress in HIV Viral Load Testing and Point of Care Testsregist2.virology-education.com/2016/10INTEREST/06_Nkengasong.pdf · Outline •Introduction •Where are we? •Barriers](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/5b3296c97f8b9a81728cb434/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Introduction
![Page 4: Progress in HIV Viral Load Testing and Point of Care Testsregist2.virology-education.com/2016/10INTEREST/06_Nkengasong.pdf · Outline •Introduction •Where are we? •Barriers](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/5b3296c97f8b9a81728cb434/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Guidelines Matter
![Page 5: Progress in HIV Viral Load Testing and Point of Care Testsregist2.virology-education.com/2016/10INTEREST/06_Nkengasong.pdf · Outline •Introduction •Where are we? •Barriers](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/5b3296c97f8b9a81728cb434/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
ASLM unites and rallies public
health community
![Page 6: Progress in HIV Viral Load Testing and Point of Care Testsregist2.virology-education.com/2016/10INTEREST/06_Nkengasong.pdf · Outline •Introduction •Where are we? •Barriers](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/5b3296c97f8b9a81728cb434/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Progress in HIV Viral Load Testing and Point of Care Testsregist2.virology-education.com/2016/10INTEREST/06_Nkengasong.pdf · Outline •Introduction •Where are we? •Barriers](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/5b3296c97f8b9a81728cb434/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
• Developed country-specific plans for scaling-up HIV viral load testing using a network approach
• Identification of tools for scaling up viral load
Addis Ababa Sept 2014-ASLM/PEPFAR Workshop
![Page 8: Progress in HIV Viral Load Testing and Point of Care Testsregist2.virology-education.com/2016/10INTEREST/06_Nkengasong.pdf · Outline •Introduction •Where are we? •Barriers](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/5b3296c97f8b9a81728cb434/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Where are we?
![Page 9: Progress in HIV Viral Load Testing and Point of Care Testsregist2.virology-education.com/2016/10INTEREST/06_Nkengasong.pdf · Outline •Introduction •Where are we? •Barriers](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/5b3296c97f8b9a81728cb434/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Guidelines Matter – Implementation is Challenging
![Page 10: Progress in HIV Viral Load Testing and Point of Care Testsregist2.virology-education.com/2016/10INTEREST/06_Nkengasong.pdf · Outline •Introduction •Where are we? •Barriers](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/5b3296c97f8b9a81728cb434/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
WHO’s 2013 Guidelines Established Momentum for HIV Viral Load Testing in National Programs
Across Africa
Feasibility Analysis and Planning
Piloting or Recently Rolled out VL
Programs
Well-Established VL Program
South
Africa
Kenya
Tanzania
Zambia
Rwanda
Nigeria
Malawi Swaziland
Uganda
Ethiopia
CameroonMaliMozambique
Countries Not Assessed
Zimbabwe
3
2
1
Botswana
Lesotho
Cote d’Ivoire
Namibia
Senegal
Sierra
Leone
Source: CHAI
![Page 11: Progress in HIV Viral Load Testing and Point of Care Testsregist2.virology-education.com/2016/10INTEREST/06_Nkengasong.pdf · Outline •Introduction •Where are we? •Barriers](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/5b3296c97f8b9a81728cb434/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
53%
41%32%*
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
HIV Positive People Diagnosed On ART Viral Suppression <1000(ITT)*
36.9million
19.8million 15.0
million11.6*
million
Global Estimates (2014-15) vs the Gap to reach 90-90-90 Targets
Ref: On ART = March 2015. How Aids Changed Everything. Fact Sheet. UNAIDS 2015. MDG 6: 15 YEARS, 15 LESSONS OF HOPE FROM THE AIDS RESPONSE July 2015. * Average viral suppression% Intention to Treat LMIC rate from a Systematic Review by McMahon J. et al. Viral suppression after 12 months of antiretroviral therapy in low-and middle-income countries: a systematic review." Bulletin of the World Health Organization 91.5 (2013): 377-385.
Breakpoint 1:13.4 million Undiagnosed Breakpoint 2:
14.9 million not treated
Breakpoint 3: 15.3 millionNot Virally Supressed
![Page 12: Progress in HIV Viral Load Testing and Point of Care Testsregist2.virology-education.com/2016/10INTEREST/06_Nkengasong.pdf · Outline •Introduction •Where are we? •Barriers](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/5b3296c97f8b9a81728cb434/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
6.1M
8.9M
12.1M
16.8M
20.0M
22.6M
-
5.000.000
10.000.000
15.000.000
20.000.000
25.000.000
2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Nu
mb
er
of
tes
ts
Forecasted HIV Viral Load Testing Demand, 2015-2020
12Source: WHO/CHAI
![Page 13: Progress in HIV Viral Load Testing and Point of Care Testsregist2.virology-education.com/2016/10INTEREST/06_Nkengasong.pdf · Outline •Introduction •Where are we? •Barriers](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/5b3296c97f8b9a81728cb434/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Barriers to scaling up viral load and uptake
![Page 14: Progress in HIV Viral Load Testing and Point of Care Testsregist2.virology-education.com/2016/10INTEREST/06_Nkengasong.pdf · Outline •Introduction •Where are we? •Barriers](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/5b3296c97f8b9a81728cb434/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Five Key Barriers to Scale up of Viral Load at National Levels
1. Viral Load Networks - Sample Referral Systems
2. Demand Creation and Uptake of Results – Role of Clinicians & Patients
3. Financing and Supply Chain Management
4. Monitoring and Evaluation
5. Human Resources
![Page 15: Progress in HIV Viral Load Testing and Point of Care Testsregist2.virology-education.com/2016/10INTEREST/06_Nkengasong.pdf · Outline •Introduction •Where are we? •Barriers](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/5b3296c97f8b9a81728cb434/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
![Page 16: Progress in HIV Viral Load Testing and Point of Care Testsregist2.virology-education.com/2016/10INTEREST/06_Nkengasong.pdf · Outline •Introduction •Where are we? •Barriers](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/5b3296c97f8b9a81728cb434/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
1. Laboratory data (VL test results) are neither reviewed nor analyzed for program improvement
2. Laboratory requisition forms capture limited information3. Unique IDs do not exist or not recorded4. SOPs do not exist at clinics and laboratories5. Workflows are far from being optimized6. Major inconsistency for VL test reporting to clinicians:
- target not detected- below level of detection- <20 copies/ml- <1000 copies/ml and undetectable
Barriers at Site Level
![Page 17: Progress in HIV Viral Load Testing and Point of Care Testsregist2.virology-education.com/2016/10INTEREST/06_Nkengasong.pdf · Outline •Introduction •Where are we? •Barriers](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/5b3296c97f8b9a81728cb434/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
SMS Reporting format (final)
L A B O R A T O R Y R E
P O R T
Date and Time:
Patient Name:
Requisition
number:
Test Name:
Results:
Request date
No unique ID such as ART Number
What if two patients have same name?
Two SMS printer
messages
![Page 18: Progress in HIV Viral Load Testing and Point of Care Testsregist2.virology-education.com/2016/10INTEREST/06_Nkengasong.pdf · Outline •Introduction •Where are we? •Barriers](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/5b3296c97f8b9a81728cb434/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Strategic Approach
Improve Efficiencies for Viral
Load Testing and Uptake of Test
Results
![Page 19: Progress in HIV Viral Load Testing and Point of Care Testsregist2.virology-education.com/2016/10INTEREST/06_Nkengasong.pdf · Outline •Introduction •Where are we? •Barriers](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/5b3296c97f8b9a81728cb434/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
![Page 20: Progress in HIV Viral Load Testing and Point of Care Testsregist2.virology-education.com/2016/10INTEREST/06_Nkengasong.pdf · Outline •Introduction •Where are we? •Barriers](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/5b3296c97f8b9a81728cb434/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Supply Chain
Specimen Collection
and Processing
Sample Transport
Human Resources
Quality Management
System
Assay Validation
Lab Testing
Result Reporting
Uptake of Results and
Patient Management
M&E
Improving Efficiencies Across the Viral Load Testing Spectrum
Demand
Creation
3rd 90-90-
90 target
achieved
Lab
-clin
ic In
terfa
ce
Pre-Test Test Post-Test
![Page 21: Progress in HIV Viral Load Testing and Point of Care Testsregist2.virology-education.com/2016/10INTEREST/06_Nkengasong.pdf · Outline •Introduction •Where are we? •Barriers](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/5b3296c97f8b9a81728cb434/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Tools Developed
1. Quantification/Forecasting Tools
- Quantimed…
2. Guidelines for Training Clinicians/Nurses on Viral Load Testing
3. Guidelines for Sample Referral Systems
4. Costing framework
5. M&E Framework
![Page 22: Progress in HIV Viral Load Testing and Point of Care Testsregist2.virology-education.com/2016/10INTEREST/06_Nkengasong.pdf · Outline •Introduction •Where are we? •Barriers](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/5b3296c97f8b9a81728cb434/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Doing More with Less –Optimizing Viral Load Workflow
in Swaziland
Current capacity: 2275/mo in 2015
Viral load testing target: 13,333/mo in 2016 and 2017
Doubling of current workflow from 35% to 70% in 2016
Barcoding & sample QC at reception area
Use of 2ml pipets and vortex within BSC
Use of perforated cards
![Page 23: Progress in HIV Viral Load Testing and Point of Care Testsregist2.virology-education.com/2016/10INTEREST/06_Nkengasong.pdf · Outline •Introduction •Where are we? •Barriers](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/5b3296c97f8b9a81728cb434/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
Viral Load Specimen Referral Web Maps
Distribution of ART patients by Zone
![Page 24: Progress in HIV Viral Load Testing and Point of Care Testsregist2.virology-education.com/2016/10INTEREST/06_Nkengasong.pdf · Outline •Introduction •Where are we? •Barriers](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/5b3296c97f8b9a81728cb434/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
Viral Load Specimen Referral Web Maps
Distribution of VL referral sites and ART patients
![Page 25: Progress in HIV Viral Load Testing and Point of Care Testsregist2.virology-education.com/2016/10INTEREST/06_Nkengasong.pdf · Outline •Introduction •Where are we? •Barriers](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/5b3296c97f8b9a81728cb434/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
A Platform not Pipeline Approach: Specimen Referral and Transport Systems
![Page 26: Progress in HIV Viral Load Testing and Point of Care Testsregist2.virology-education.com/2016/10INTEREST/06_Nkengasong.pdf · Outline •Introduction •Where are we? •Barriers](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/5b3296c97f8b9a81728cb434/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
$2.312 $2.448
$1.700
$6.460
$792 $824 $812
$2.428
$0
$1.000
$2.000
$3.000
$4.000
$5.000
$6.000
$7.000
Masaka (68 parcels) Jinja (72 parcels) Gulu (50 parcels) Overall average (190parcels)
Before NSRTN After NSRTN
62%
Efficient Specimen Referral System Decreased
Cost of DBS Transportation by 62% Up
Source: Kiyaga et al. PlosOne 2014
![Page 27: Progress in HIV Viral Load Testing and Point of Care Testsregist2.virology-education.com/2016/10INTEREST/06_Nkengasong.pdf · Outline •Introduction •Where are we? •Barriers](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/5b3296c97f8b9a81728cb434/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Platforms and Quality of Testing is Key
![Page 28: Progress in HIV Viral Load Testing and Point of Care Testsregist2.virology-education.com/2016/10INTEREST/06_Nkengasong.pdf · Outline •Introduction •Where are we? •Barriers](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/5b3296c97f8b9a81728cb434/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Viral Load Platform by Countries
Country Platform
Uganda Abbott, Roche
Kenya Abbott, Roche
Ethiopia Abbott, Roche
Tanzania Abbott, Roche
Mozambique Abbott
Cameroon Abbott
India Roche
South Africa Abbott, Roche
Zimbabwe Roche, Biomerieux, Cavidi
Botswana Roche, Biomerieux
Nigeria Abbott, Roche
Vietnam Roche
Cote D’Ivoire Abbott, Roche, Biomerieux,
Biocentric
![Page 29: Progress in HIV Viral Load Testing and Point of Care Testsregist2.virology-education.com/2016/10INTEREST/06_Nkengasong.pdf · Outline •Introduction •Where are we? •Barriers](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/5b3296c97f8b9a81728cb434/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Figure 1. Dried Blood Spot (DBS) sample collection methods used in Kenya DBS VL study
Venipuncture (Venous) Finger Stick (Capillary)
Venous Blood (V-DBS) Microcapillary (M-DBS)Directly dropped (D-DBS)
Collection into microcapillary tube
![Page 30: Progress in HIV Viral Load Testing and Point of Care Testsregist2.virology-education.com/2016/10INTEREST/06_Nkengasong.pdf · Outline •Introduction •Where are we? •Barriers](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/5b3296c97f8b9a81728cb434/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Dried blood spot samples can be used for HIV-1 viral load testing with most currently available viral load
technologies: a pooled data meta-analysis
Lara Vojnov1*, Sergio Carmona2, Clement Zeh3, Jessica Markby4, Debrah Boeras3, Marta R. Prescott1, Jessica A.
Joseph1, Anthony L.H. Mayne5, Souleymane Sawadogo3, Maria Mercedes Perez Gonzalez6, Wendy S. Stevens2, Meg
Doherty6, Trevor F. Peter1, Chunfu Yang3, and the DBS for VL Diagnostics Investigation Consortium#
![Page 31: Progress in HIV Viral Load Testing and Point of Care Testsregist2.virology-education.com/2016/10INTEREST/06_Nkengasong.pdf · Outline •Introduction •Where are we? •Barriers](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/5b3296c97f8b9a81728cb434/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Viral Load Proficiency Testing Programs
Viral Load PT using Dried Tube Specimens
![Page 32: Progress in HIV Viral Load Testing and Point of Care Testsregist2.virology-education.com/2016/10INTEREST/06_Nkengasong.pdf · Outline •Introduction •Where are we? •Barriers](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/5b3296c97f8b9a81728cb434/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
60
70
80
90
100
2006
-2
2006
-3
2007
-1
2007
-2
2007
-3
2008
-1
2008
-2
2008
-3
2009
-1
2009
-2
2009
-3
2010
-1
2010
-2
2010
-3
2011
-1
2011
-2
2011
-3
2012
-1
2012
-2
2012
-3
Perc
ent
Test Cycle
R2=0.40, P=0.003
Performance of Laboratories enrolled in Proficiency Testing for Viral Load
Testing
Source - Garcia et al. Journal
of Clinical Microbiology 2014
![Page 33: Progress in HIV Viral Load Testing and Point of Care Testsregist2.virology-education.com/2016/10INTEREST/06_Nkengasong.pdf · Outline •Introduction •Where are we? •Barriers](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/5b3296c97f8b9a81728cb434/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Demand Creation and Monitoring and Evaluation
![Page 34: Progress in HIV Viral Load Testing and Point of Care Testsregist2.virology-education.com/2016/10INTEREST/06_Nkengasong.pdf · Outline •Introduction •Where are we? •Barriers](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/5b3296c97f8b9a81728cb434/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Demand generation
drivers
Clinician education
Patient education
Creating the Demand for Viral Load
• Tools to help countries increase demand for viral load and to educate patients and clinicians on the use of viral load
• Lack of effective dissemination and translation of the guidelines into accessible job aids
• Awareness campaigns for patients on the benefits of VL testing and its difference from CD4
Challenge
Solutions
Source: Randy Allen
![Page 35: Progress in HIV Viral Load Testing and Point of Care Testsregist2.virology-education.com/2016/10INTEREST/06_Nkengasong.pdf · Outline •Introduction •Where are we? •Barriers](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/5b3296c97f8b9a81728cb434/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
![Page 36: Progress in HIV Viral Load Testing and Point of Care Testsregist2.virology-education.com/2016/10INTEREST/06_Nkengasong.pdf · Outline •Introduction •Where are we? •Barriers](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/5b3296c97f8b9a81728cb434/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Source:
• Even when routine viral load monitoring was in place, around 44% of patients with confirmed virologicalfailure were not switched
• 22% of patients under routine viral load monitoring and 30% of those receiving targeted viral load monitoring switched regimen without
any evidence of virological failure.
![Page 37: Progress in HIV Viral Load Testing and Point of Care Testsregist2.virology-education.com/2016/10INTEREST/06_Nkengasong.pdf · Outline •Introduction •Where are we? •Barriers](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/5b3296c97f8b9a81728cb434/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: Progress in HIV Viral Load Testing and Point of Care Testsregist2.virology-education.com/2016/10INTEREST/06_Nkengasong.pdf · Outline •Introduction •Where are we? •Barriers](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/5b3296c97f8b9a81728cb434/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Total Possible Score for
PillarCountry Score for
Pillar
Country Total
Score
Total Possible
Score
Improving Efficiency by Scorecard Approach – What is measured gets done
![Page 39: Progress in HIV Viral Load Testing and Point of Care Testsregist2.virology-education.com/2016/10INTEREST/06_Nkengasong.pdf · Outline •Introduction •Where are we? •Barriers](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/5b3296c97f8b9a81728cb434/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Viral Load Point of Care tests
![Page 40: Progress in HIV Viral Load Testing and Point of Care Testsregist2.virology-education.com/2016/10INTEREST/06_Nkengasong.pdf · Outline •Introduction •Where are we? •Barriers](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/5b3296c97f8b9a81728cb434/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Scaling up Viral Load will Require Combination Platforms
40
![Page 41: Progress in HIV Viral Load Testing and Point of Care Testsregist2.virology-education.com/2016/10INTEREST/06_Nkengasong.pdf · Outline •Introduction •Where are we? •Barriers](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/5b3296c97f8b9a81728cb434/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
20152013 2014 2016
Alere q
Alere
SAMBA VL
DDU/Cambridge
COBAS® Liat™ AnalyzerIQuum
EOSCAPE HIV™ Wave 80
GeneXpert
CepheidSavanna Viral
Load Platform
NWGHF
Viral Load
Assay with
BART
Lumora
RT CPA HIV-1 Viral Load Ustar
Gene-RADAR
Nanobiosm
LYNX HIV p24
Antigen
NWGHF
POC Viral load & EID products:
available and pipeline*
Micronics
SAMBA EID
DDU/Cambridge
ZIVA™Cavidi
Daktari™System
Truelab PCR
Molbio/bigTec
Source: M. Murtagh
![Page 42: Progress in HIV Viral Load Testing and Point of Care Testsregist2.virology-education.com/2016/10INTEREST/06_Nkengasong.pdf · Outline •Introduction •Where are we? •Barriers](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/5b3296c97f8b9a81728cb434/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
![Page 43: Progress in HIV Viral Load Testing and Point of Care Testsregist2.virology-education.com/2016/10INTEREST/06_Nkengasong.pdf · Outline •Introduction •Where are we? •Barriers](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/5b3296c97f8b9a81728cb434/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Conclusions
• Focus on improving efficiencies
• Collaborative approach to scaling up viral load in National Plans
• Scorecard to measure progress
• Demand creation - Clinicians and Patients as drivers
![Page 44: Progress in HIV Viral Load Testing and Point of Care Testsregist2.virology-education.com/2016/10INTEREST/06_Nkengasong.pdf · Outline •Introduction •Where are we? •Barriers](https://reader031.vdocument.in/reader031/viewer/2022013015/5b3296c97f8b9a81728cb434/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Remember that the
happiest people are not
those getting more, but
those giving more.
H. Jackson Brown, Jr.