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Prospects of Waste Sector NAMA Using IRRC Approach
Iftekhar Enayetullah, Co-Founder & Director
Waste Concern
Regional Workshop on NAMA in Asia and the Pacific
18-19 March, 2014 Bangkok Thailand
Presentation Outline
1. Overview of Waste Sector
2. Current Practice of Waste Management in the Region
3. What is IRRC Approach
4. Benefits of IRRC Approach and Its Link with Sustainable Development
5. Examples of Operational IRRC
6. Issues for Scaling-up of IRRC Approach Through NAMA
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Waste Generation Worldwide and in Developing Countries
It is estimated that 5.2 million tons of solid waste are generated daily worldwide, of which 3.8 million tons are from developing countries.
5.2 million tons/ day Worldwide
3.8 million tons/ day Developing countries.
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Composition of Raw Waste (by wet weight)
Low Income Country
Middle Income Country
High Income Country
Vegetable/Putrescible % 40 to 85 20 to 65 7 to 55
Paper and Carton % 1 to 10 15 to 40 15 to 50
Plastic % 1 to 11 2 to 13 2 to 20
Metal % 1 to 5 1 to 5 3 to 13
Glass% 1 to 10 1 to 10 4 to 10
Rubber, Misc.% 1 to 3 1 to 5 2 to 12
Fines % (sand, ash, broken, glass) 15 to 50 15 to 40 5 to 20
Other Characteristics Moisture % 40 to 80 40 to 60 20 to 35
Density in Trucks, Kg/C.M 250 to 500 170 to 330 120 to 200
Lower Heating Value, K Cal/Kg 800 to 1100 1000 to 1500 1500 to 2700
Global Perspective on Urban Solid Waste Characteristics
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Source: World Bank ( 2012) “ What a waste: A Global Review of Solid Waste Management”
LOW INCOME COUNTRY
MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRY
HIGH INCOME COUNTRY
MIXED URBAN WASTE – LARGE CITY (kg/capita/day)
0.50 to 0.75 0.55 to 1.1 0.75 to 2.2
MIXED URBAN WASTE – MEDIUM CITY (kg/capita/day)
0.35 to 0.65 0.45 to 0.75 0.65 to 1.5
RESIDENTIAL WASTE ONLY (Kg/capita/day)
0.25 to 0.45 0.35 to 0.65 0.55 to 1.0
Notes: 1. Country categorization by income is based on 1992 GNP data from the 1994 World Development Report published by the World Bank. 2. Waste data based on a wet, "as received", condition (i.e., not oven dried). 2. For purposes of this table, a medium city has 100,000 to 500,000 residents, and a large city has above 500,000 residents. 3. Urban waste includes residential, commercial, industrial and institutional waste, as well as street sweepings and yard waste. Construction/demolition debris is not included. 4. Recycling rates can reduce by as much as 50% the amount of waste requiring disposal. In the USA in 1995, recycling recovered 27% of all wastes generated, 5. with paper recycling reaching 41% and yard waste composting reaching 38%.
Waste Generation based on Income and Size of Country
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Source: World Bank ( 2012) “ What a waste: A Global Review of Solid Waste Management”
Global Perspective: Solid Waste Management Costs Versus Income
LOW INCOME COUNTRY
MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRY
HIGH INCOME COUNTRY
Average WASTE GENERATION 0.2 t/capita/y 0.3 t/capita/y 0.6 t/capita/y
Average INCOME FROM GNP 370 $/capita/y 2,400 $/ capita/y 22,000 $/ capita/y
Collection Cost 10-30 $/t. 30-70 $/m. 70-120 $/t.
Transfer Cost 3-8 $/t. 5-15 $/t. 15-20 $/t.
Sanitary Landfill Cost 3-10 $/t. 8-15 $/t. 15-50 $/t.
TOTAL COST WITHOUT TRANSFER
13-40 $/m.t. 38-85 $/t. 90-170 $/t.
TOTAL COST WITH TRANSFER 16-48 $/t. 43-100 $/t. 105-190 $/t.
Total Cost per Capita 3-10 $/capita/y 12-30 $/capita/y 60-114 $/capita/y
COST AS % OF INCOME 0.7-2.6% 0.5-1.3% 0.2-0.5%
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Source: World Bank ( 2012) “ What a waste: A Global Review of Solid Waste Management”
Solid Disposal Costs by Different Countries
Country Income Group 2010 Cost 2025 Cost
Low Income Countries $1.5 billion $7.7 billion
Lower Middle Income Countries $20.1 billion $84.1 billion
Upper Middle Income Countries $24.5 billion $63.5 billion
High Income Countries $159.3 billion $220.2 billion
Total Global Cost (US$) $205.4 billion $375 billion
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Source: World Bank ( 2012) “ What a waste: A Global Review of Solid Waste Management”
Waste Bins Demountable Containers
PROBLEMS Water Pollution Spread of Disease Vectors Green House Gas Emission Odor Pollution More Land Required for Landfill
Mixed Waste
Transfer Stations
Present Situation in Developing Countries
Source of Waste
Landfill
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LEACHATE Polluting Ground & Surface Water
VERMINS Spreading more than
40 Diseases
METHANE GAS Bad Odor & Green House gas
Current approach: waste management not resource recovery…
PROBLEMS FROM PRESENT PRACTICE
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Residents told to leave areas around burning Samut Prakan dump after toxic fumes detected PROVINCIAL OFFICIALS ordered the evacuation of residents from about 1,500 homes in Samut Prakan after a fire at a local garbage dump yesterday was declared a disaster area, and toxic fumes spread to many parts of the province and nearby areas in Bangkok.
Samut Prakan, Thailand Dumpsite on Fire on Monday March 17, 2014
Samut Prakan, Thailand Dumpsite on Fire on Monday March 17, 2014
Strategy for Improvement (3R)
Composting/ Recycling
Avoid
Minimise
Dispose (controlled)
Dump
The Waste Management Hierarchy
Treat and Process
Dump
The Waste Management Hierarchy (Present Situation)
Dispose (controlled)
Treat and Process
Composting/ Recycling
Minimise
Avoid
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80% Compost
6-10% Recyclables
10-14% Non-compostable
GHG Reduced
Agriculture
CER
Local market
Landfilled
IRRC
100% Collected with user fee
House-to-house waste collection method 86% RECYCLED
Waste
Energy for IRRC
Biogas/RDF Bio diesel
What is IRRC?
IRRC is a facility where significant portion (80-90%) of waste can be composted/recycled and processed in a cost effective way near the source of generation in a decentralized manner. IRRC is based on 3 R Principle.
What is Integrated Resource Recovery Center (IRRC)?
Process waste in a cost effective way
Promotes Source Separation of waste
Produces Good Quality Compost
Promotes upstream resource management from waste
Takes Care of Organic & Inorganic waste
Takes Care of Meat & Fish and Used Cooking Oil
Capacity of IRRC varies from 2 to 20 tons/day
Manage Waste in a Decentralized Manner
Use Low Cost Appropriate Technology
Promotes Door to Door Collection of Waste
Integrated Resource Recovery Centres (IRRCs)
Based on 3R principles Recovers 80 percent of waste as resources Promote separation at source (organic/inorganic) Profit making Decentralized, close to generated waste Capacity can range from 2-20 tons/day (manual) Uses appropriate technologies Employs waste pickers and other urban poor
Source of Waste
Screening
Sorting
Composting
Maturing Compost
Compost
Bagging
Organic Waste Used Cooking Oil Recyclables Organic Waste Fish & Meat Waste
Grinding
Biogas Digester
Mixing
Biogas
Slurry
Electricity
Compost
Sorted Recyclables
Shredded, compacted and baled
Plastic
Metal
Glass
Paper
Processing Unit
Biofuel
Glycerine
Waste with high Calorific Value
Refused Derived
Fuel (RDF)
Faecal Sludge
Drying
Co-composting
with municipal organic waste
Compost
Shredded
Sorting
Extruded
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Organic Waste
Organic Waste
Organic Waste
Used Cooking Oil
Organic Waste (non-
compostables)
Landfill Methane (CH4) Emission
Composting (Aerobic Process)
Biogas Plant (Anaerobic Digestion)
Refused Derived Fuel (RDF)
Organic Waste
Co-composting (Aerobic Process)
Bio diesel Plant
Human Excreta
Compost (Diverted organic waste from landfill and replacing use of
chemical fertilizer )
Biogas to Electricity (replacing fossil fuel based
electricity)
Fuel in Pellet form (replacing diesel or coal used
in boilers or brick kilns)
Compost (Diverted organic waste
from landfill and replacing use of chemical fertilizer)
Bio diesel (replacing diesel
as fossil fuel)
Baseline situation (organic waste dumped in landfill sites becomes anaerobic and generates methane)
IRRC model converts waste into resource and reducing green house gas methane (CH4)
Input Technology Produce No Methane Emission
Generates Carbon Credits by avoiding methane from Landfill and reduce CO2 to produce chemical fertilizer
Avoids methane from landfill and reduces
CO2 emission by replacing grid power
Replace use of fossil fuel
Climate Change Benefits
Avoids methane from landfill and reduces
CO2 emission by replacing grid power
Generates Carbon Credits by avoiding methane from
Landfill and reduce CO2 to produce chemical fertilizer
Baseline Situation vs. IRRC model
1 ton
Organic Waste
Produce1/4 ton ( 0.25 tons of Compost
Composting
1 ton
Organic Waste
Composting Reduce 1/2 ton Green House Gas
1 ton
Organic Waste
Produce 40-80 M3 Biogas
Biogas Digester
1 liter
Used Cooking Oil
Bio diesel Plant
95% of the input as Bio diesel
Different Economic Outputs from IRRC
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To treat one ton of waste in an IRRC: 150 – 200 sqm. of land;
USD 15,00 0– 20,000 of capital investment(without land)
10 % – 20 % of capital cost as operational costs
Trained workforce
Inputs required to build and operate IRRCs
By recycling one ton of waste: Create 2 new jobs for the waste pickers; Produce 0.25 tons of good quality compost; Produce 40-80 cubic meter of biogas ( clean energy which can
be used for cooking purpose or electricity generation) Save 1.1 cubic meter of landfill area; Reduce 0.5 tons of green house gas emissions Provide door-to-door service to 2,000-3,000 households
Environmental, Economic & Social Benefits from IRRCs
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Environmental, Economic & Social Benefits from IRRCs
By recycling 1 (one) ton of waste: Avoid between 0.2-0.3 cubic meter of toxic waste water; Reduce the risk of 40 diseases linked with unmanaged
municipal solid waste; Increase crop production between 25-30% and reduce use of
chemical fertilizer by 35-40% increasing food security; Contribute to both climate change mitigation and adaptation. Reduces risk of fire at landfills
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Informal Sector Given Better working Environment
• 6% of the operational expenditure spent for welfare of the workers in the plant • Day care center for female workers • Free meal for the workers • Health insurance for the workers
Informal sector working in unsafe working condition
Improved Working Condition
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URBAN-RURAL SYMBIOSIS
Urban Area
City Generating Organic Waste and producing compost
Rural Area
Rural Area Producing Food and Agricultural Products
HOW?
Through Decentralized Composting/IRRC
Public-Private-Community Partnership
Using Appropriate Technology
Using CDM
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Mitigation
Mitigation-Adaptation Loop
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The concept of NAMAs emerged from the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), and is broadly understood as a project, program or policy initiative that reduces GHG emissions in developing countries while contributing to sustainable development
Concept of NAMAs
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• In order to demonstrate a faecal sludge collection and treatment model with emphasis on resource recovery and recycling as stipulated in the National Sanitation Strategy of the government, in November 2012, a pilot project was initiated in Kushtia a secondary town in Bangladesh to treat the faecal sludge and solid waste together.
Intervention on Faecal Sludge Management in Kushtia
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• In order to tackle solid waste management as well as faecal sludge management problems, a pilot project has been initiated in Kushtia Municipality, a secondary town in Bangladesh.
• Project Initiated: November 2012
• The pilot project has the following Features: 1. Compost plant Capacity = 4 tons/ day 2. Faecal sludge drying bed (with a coco peat filter) to treat = 9 M3/day 3. Land Area: 5000 M2 (dedicated by the Kushtia Municipality)
Pilot Intervention on Faecal Sludge Management in Kushtia
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Pilot Intervention on Faecal Sludge Management in Kushtia
• Total amount of municipal solid waste brought to the plant amounts to 3 to 3.5 tons/ day. • Under this project, faecal sludge is directly collected from the septic tanks or pit latrines of
households using mechanical vacuum-tugs. • Total amount of faecal sludge collected per day is 9 cubic meter/day. • The collected sludge is directly sent to the treatment facility.
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Site Plan of the Co-composting Facility, Kushtia
Pilot Intervention on Faecal Sludge Management in Kushtia
2
1
3
4
2
4
4 1
3
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Pilot Intervention on Faecal Sludge Management in Kushtia
• The liquid sludge (faecal sludge) is poured into the sludge tank, from where it is passed into the sludge drying bed by natural gravity. When the drying bed becomes filled up, it is kept there for few days so that sludge gets dried and the percolate is transferred into the connected percolate tank.
• The percolate is pumped into the coco peat filtration unit for further treatment. The filtered water coming out from the coco peat has high nutrient, and can be safely released into agricultural land for irrigation purpose.
• On the other hand, dried layer of the fecal sludge is collected up from the drying bed and is mixed with the municipal organic solid waste in 1:3 ratios, and compost is produced in the co-composting plant using aerobic theomorphic composting method to be used as organic fertilizer.
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Co-composting of Faecal Sludge with Organic Waste at Baradi, Kushtia City
Faecal Sludge Collected by Vaccu-Tug and Discharged in the Drying Bed and later Co-composted with organic waste to Produce Compost
Collection
Screening
Sorting
Piling
Composting
Maturing and Compost
Selling
Bagging
Sawdust Bokashi with EM
Screening residue
Water
Marketing
Water
Box Method Composting for Small Towns (Small & Medium Scale)
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Box Method Composting for Small Towns (Small & Medium Scale)
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Input
Collection (Organic Waste From Households and Markets)
Saving SWM cost
Output
Compost
Carbon Credits
Recyclables/RDF
Biogas
Bio diesel
Job Creation new jobs ( including collection and composting)
Pro-poor element Creating new jobs Improved Working Conditions of waste pickers
Pro-poor element Cheaper Less Irrigation Soil Quality Improved Higher Yield Leads to higher income
Pro-poor element
Process
Aerobic Composting
Anaerobic digestion
Saving Landfill Area
How the IRRC can help the city and the poor?
Issues for Scaling up IRRC Approach under NAMA
Policy/Rules/Strategy
Fiscal Incentives
Capacity Building/ Awareness Raising
• Ministry of Agriculture • Ministry of Local Govt. • Ministry of Urban Dev. • Ministry of Environment • Ministry of Energy • Ministry of Forests • Relevant Ministries •Municipalities
• Promotion of compost/ biogas/ appropriate technologies, RDF • Standardization products • Feed in Tariff/Support to Compost • Tipping fee/waste collection fee •( no fee paid to recycling facilities) • Land for the Facility • PPP Rules
• Ministry of Finance • Central Bank • Tax Department • Local Banks
• Low interest rate • Less/ reduced tax for operation • Less VAT • Green Financing
• International Agencies • Government, Research Institutions (local & international, • Educational Institutions • International NGOs • Local NGOs and CBOs • Private Sector
• Operation & Maintenance of IRRC • PPP Agreement • Technology Selection • Monitoring of Emission Reduction • KPI development for IRRC
Actors Activities
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National Government Policy Support/ Rules/ Strategies/ Financing
Local Government Land/ Tipping fees/ Promotion of 3R
Projects (IRRC) Intervention: Reducing Emission/ Promoting
Sustainable Development
Ward/ Community
• Promotes low carbon path • Sustainable Development • Green Growth
• Reduce Cost of SWM • Reduce environmental pollution & risk
• Cleaner communities • Improves soil condition • Create job for poor • Reduce pollution and improves health situation
Ward/ Community
Ward/ Community
Ward/ Community
Issues for Scaling up IRRC Approach under NAMA
IRRC: Integrated Resource Recovery Center SWM: Solid Waste Management www.wasteconcern.org
Elements of Nama IRRC Approach
Emission Reduction Potential Yes Sustainable Development Goal (Environmental, Social and Technological)
Yes
Climate Change Adaptation Co-benefits
Yes
Evidence of Action Yes (in many Asia Pacific countries)
Alignment with Government Policies • Low carbon development • 3R Strategy • Target for Emission Reduction
Yes in many Asia Pacific countries)
Elements of NAMA and IRRC
Thank You
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