Protestant Reformation and the
Catholic Counter -Reformation
Rooted in Jewish tradition/Torah and the person of Jesus of Nazareth
Jesus – rabbi? who encouraged ethical self sacrifice – Love God Love others Care for the
vulnerable/outcastes
Many stories written about the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth
Canon of 4 gospels established 4th century CE
Place Jesus as Messiah of Judaism; also: son of God and resurrected
Proclaims special revelation: Jesus’ message meant to be universal – not just for the Jews
Travels & begins inclusion of Gentiles in synagogues…eventually separate churches
Some conflict with Jerusalem church
Most from Paul Advice to early church
communities How to live in the world Imminent 2nd coming of the
Christ (Messiah/Savior) By 2nd century – church
leaders begin collecting manuscripts
315 CE – Edict of Milan – Constantine Christianity becomes legal
325 CE Council of Nicaea – uniform Christian doctrine
Later 4th century (Emperor Theodosius) Christianity becomes state religion of Roman Empire
382 CE – Latin Vulgate: Old and New Testament
What is the Nature of Christ? “Heresies” – unofficial ideas/
ideas that go against official church; Eg: Nestorians, Arians
Nicene creed meant to settle Eventually doctrine of the
Trinity
Roman Catholic/Latin Church becomes unifying factor among Germanic tribes & others
Charlemagne sees himself as the military protector of the Church
High Middle Ages-High Middle Ages- church power at height
1054 – Latin West v. Byzantine EmpireLatin Church (Roman Latin Church (Roman Catholic)Catholic)
Eastern OrthodoxEastern OrthodoxExcommunicated each other;After 1453 – Moscow/Muscovy declared self center of Orthodoxy
Reconciling classical reasoning (Aristotle) and Christian faith
Thomas Aquinas - Summa TheologicaForms the theological
basis of the Roman Catholic Church
Wealth & power of upper clergy (nobles)Investiture: simony & nepotism
Lack of discipline among clergy Lack of education/knowledge
among clergy Avignon Papacy & Great Schism
John WycliffeWycliffe – theology prof @ OxfordEnglish translation of NT
John Huss – theology prof @ PragueBurned at the stake
This heresy: objected to worldliness of clergy; advocated personal salvation; challenge to church authority
Renaissance Humanism outside of Italy
Different emphasis – concern over problems in society
Search for more personal religious practices
Erasmus, T. More, Rabelais
The The Protestant Protestant ReformationReformation ended the unity of the Christian church in the West –
Christianity was eventually fragmented into dozens of denominations…
Why did Christian unity come to an end and how did that impact society?
Began in German states because it lacked a strong central government
Holy Roman Empire included over 300 semi-independent states
Some wanted independence from the Holy Roman Empire
Weak emperor could not control independent ideas about religion within the German states
started Reformation German monk, became
professor of theology at University of Wittenberg
How did his movement start?
October 31, 1517: nailed on door of Wittenberg Church the 95 Theses –
arguments to debate - Criticized sale of indulgences
Printed copies of Theses spread
justification by faithonly God’s grace through Christ saves; no amount of good works could do it...
priesthood of all believersall Christians are equal before God
these ideas challenged basic church doctrine, tradition and authority…that is, they were heresy
Luther’s conflict with the church led to violence
Peasants revolted - the Lutheran princes crushed the rebellion
Civil War between the HRE supported by Catholic princes & the Lutheran princes
1555 Peace of Augsburg
John Calvin & John Calvin & Predestination Predestination or Doctrine of the ElectProtestant work ethic & success
Anabaptism Many, many others…Significance…
Protestantism spreads ---
While Lutheranism spread in Northern Germany and Scandinavia
Calvinism spread into Scotland (Presbyterians), England (puritans), Netherlands (Dutch Reformed) especially
Huguenots were Calvinists in France
Council of TrentSociety of Jesus/ JesuitsInquisitionIndexGoal: to halt spread of heresy
Options: Try to eliminate Protestantism
Change to Protestantism
….what are other options?
HREHRE Charles V & the German Wars of ReligionCharles’ Habsburg domainsThe TurksLutheranism warPeace of Augsburg 1555 Retirement!!!
Phillip II of Spain– (Charles V’s son)Inherits Spain, Netherlands & later Portugal
Netherlands revolt when P cracks down on independence and Protestantism
Protestant part becomes independent: United Provinces/ Dutch Netherlands
Amsterdam -financial power house
Shipped almost all trade in North, Baltic Atlantic and Arctic seas
Joint stock companies & stock exchanges
freedom of religion, speech & press (more or less)
Science, philosophy, art Tech innovation
France endures religious wars through 4 kings – eventually protestants (Huguenots) are given some religious freedom – for a while… and the right to fortify their towns
(Edict of Nantes)
Why did England officially separate from the Catholic Church?
How did this impact the English Reformation?
England’s King Henry wanted to divorce his wife, Catherine of Aragon for not producing a male heir to the throne
(daughter: Mary) Catholic Church
forbade divorce - refused to dissolve Henry’s marriage
Henry withdrew England from Catholic Church married Anne Boleyn and created a new church
Act of Supremacy Act of Supremacy - Parliament created Church of England (Anglican Church) with king as its head
King took church lands and abolished monasteries
important Englishmen were required to swear oath accepting king as head of the church instead of the Pope...
Catherine of Aragon - Mary Anne Boleyn - Elizabeth Jane Seymour - Edward Anne of Cleves Catherine Howard Catherine ParrSon Edward inherited throne 1st
DivBehDiedDivBehSurv
Henry was NOT a protestant Very few changes were
allowed in the church by Henry
However, changes were made during the period of Henry’s son and the English church adopted more protestant ideas
Catholic daughter of Catherine of Aragon
Married Catholic Philip II of Spain
Sought to revive Catholicism Protestants revolted Persecution of Protestants led to
her being known (by Protestants) as:
Bloody Mary Bloody Mary (but she wasn’t)
25 years old; ruled 45 years! Protestant; re-established the
Anglican Church as the National Church
“The Virgin Queen” never married because it helped her keep peace w/ other countries
Emphasized loyalty for England over religion
assassination plots against Elizabeth 1587 – forced to order the execution
of her Catholic cousin, Mary Queen of Scots
Catholic Mary (Stuart) had been living in England after haven been driven from Scotland by scandal & Protestant uprising
Catholic Spain wanted Elizabeth dead so Mary could take the throne
assassination plots against Elizabeth 1587 –execution of her Catholic cousin,
Mary Queen of Scots Spain attempted an invasion with their
feared “invincible” Armada (navy) English “pirates” had been attacking
Spanish ships and New World ports The Armada was defeated by the
weather and the smaller, faster English ships
Science to Science to “Enlightenment”“Enlightenment”
How a mixture of Protestantism & How a mixture of Protestantism & Scientific discovery Scientific discovery
led to new ideas led to new ideas
about government…about government…
Scientific RevolutionScientific RevolutionBefore the revolution…Before the revolution…Scholars relied on Scholars relied on established established
authoritiesauthorities for truth for truthEstablished authorities included:Established authorities included:
The Bible & early church writingsThe Bible & early church writingsThe Catholic ChurchThe Catholic ChurchAristotle, Galen (medicine)Aristotle, Galen (medicine)
AstronomyAstronomy beforebefore Revolution: Revolution:
GeocentricGeocentric Theory TheoryEarth is the Earth is the center of the center of the universe. universe.
Planets and sun Planets and sun rotate around it. rotate around it. ((PtolemyPtolemy – – Greek)Greek)
NewNew Theory: Theory: HeliocentricHeliocentric
The The sun is the center sun is the center of the universeof the universe and and planets rotate around itplanets rotate around it
Copernican theoryCopernican theory …. …. KeplerKepler verifies with verifies with math… math… GalileoGalileo with with telescopetelescope
CopernicusCopernicus
KeplerKepler
==GalileoGalileo
NewtonNewton
Natural Laws govern the universe
Inductive Inductive MethodMethod
collectcollectspecifics specifics
generalizationgeneralization
DeductiveDeductiveMethodMethod
generalization/ generalization/ formulaformula
specific specific applicationapplication
Scientific MethodScientific Method
Using carefully conducted Using carefully conducted experiments experiments andand mathematical calculations mathematical calculations to evaluate or verify results to evaluate or verify results of experimentsof experiments
Other leadersOther leaders
DescartesDescartesBaconBaconVesaliusVesaliusHarveyHarveyHookeHooke
Hooke’s drawing of cells
The Scientific RevolutionThe Scientific Revolution - -Created an atmosphere of Created an atmosphere of skepticismskepticism
(doubt – desire for proof)(doubt – desire for proof)Emphasized the Emphasized the importance ofimportance of
evidenceevidenceImpacted law, study of history, Impacted law, study of history,
chronology and eventually philosophy chronology and eventually philosophy and governmentand government
LawLaw: rules of evidence!: rules of evidence!End to witch trialsEnd to witch trials
HistoryHistory: : critical study of documents, critical study of documents, coins & other historical “evidence”coins & other historical “evidence”
ChronologyChronology: : organizing events of the organizing events of the pastpast
PhilosophyPhilosophy: : skepticism; natural law; skepticism; natural law; deismdeism
PoliticsPolitics: : social contractsocial contract
Early Modern European Early Modern European societysociety
Legal class divisionsClergy, Nobility, commoners
Hierarchy based on birth Privileged nobility
but…growing wealth of bourgeoisie
NobilityNobilityPrivileges / not under common lawTitled lands; arranged marriagesExempt from many taxes; but
charged the peasants fees on everything
increasingly extravagant lifestylesIncreasingly in debt
Looked down on new nobles & gentry
BourgeoisieBourgeoisie
Lower bourgeoisieLower bourgeoisieShop owners
They hired apprentices & servants (“urban workers”)
Lesser merchants
Urban LaborersUrban Laborers artisans: shop workers;
apprentices & journeymen (skilled labor) unskilled labor - wages low
later marriages; new household; nuclear family; unwed mothers; foundling
hospitals, orphanages
PeasantsPeasants prosperity varied – usually very
poorBenefited by domestic system
Political Political Developments Developments
in Europein Europe1600-17501600-1750
Developments in Developments in EuropeEurope
1500: “New Monarchies”1500: “New Monarchies” 1500’s: “Wars of Religion”1500’s: “Wars of Religion” 1600’s:1600’s: rise of “Absolutism” rise of “Absolutism”
ANDAND development of development of English “Constitutionalism”English “Constitutionalism”
1700’s1700’s commercial ventures, commercial ventures, territorial wars territorial wars ANDAND the the “Enlightenment”“Enlightenment”
Primary SourcesPrimary Sources Absolutism / Divine RightAbsolutism / Divine Right
Bishop BossuetBishop BossuetPolitics Drawn from the Very Words Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture, ca. 1675of Holy Scripture, ca. 1675
Social Contract/ Social Contract/ Constitutionalism:Constitutionalism: John LockeJohn LockeTwo Treatises on Government, 1691Two Treatises on Government, 1691
Holy Roman EmpireHoly Roman Empire Thirty Years War (1618-1648)Thirty Years War (1618-1648) 1648 Peace of Westphalia1648 Peace of Westphalia
War weakened HREWar weakened HRETreaty weakened the HRE furtherTreaty weakened the HRE further
Austria begins to riseAustria begins to rise Post Louis’ wars: Austria gets Post Louis’ wars: Austria gets
Southern Netherlands & Milan from Southern Netherlands & Milan from Spain as Louis’ gr-son gets SpainSpain as Louis’ gr-son gets Spain
France:France: aided protestants in aided protestants in Thirty Years Thirty Years
WarWarCreates an Creates an absolute absolute monarchymonarchy
Louis XIV –Louis XIV –the Sun Kthe Sun KingingVersailles / churchVersailles / churchWars with the rest of EuWars with the rest of Europerope::
1667-1714 – Wars over 1667-1714 – Wars over thethe Spanish SuccessionSpanish Succession
England:England: Stuarts (Scottish Stuarts (Scottish monarchs) replace the Tudorsmonarchs) replace the TudorsParliament Parliament twicetwice removes Stuart removes Stuart kings from power because they kings from power because they fear: fear:
AbsolutismAbsolutism + +Catholic MonarchyCatholic Monarchy
Charles I (1649)/James II (1688)Charles I (1649)/James II (1688)
1600’s-1700’s1600’s-1700’s
English English protestants saw protestants saw
them as them as connectedconnected
English Civil War-Puritan Revol.English Civil War-Puritan Revol. King Charles I tries to rule as absolute King Charles I tries to rule as absolute
monarch/ persecutes Puritansmonarch/ persecutes Puritans Parliament creates an army to go to Parliament creates an army to go to
war against the kingwar against the king Oliver Cromwell – one of the generalsOliver Cromwell – one of the generals King defeated, tried, executed for King defeated, tried, executed for
treason 1649treason 1649 10 yr. Puritan Rule follows/ Cromwell10 yr. Puritan Rule follows/ Cromwell
The Glorious RevolutionThe Glorious RevolutionUnlike the English Civil Unlike the English Civil War/Puritan Revolution:War/Puritan Revolution:
Parliament removed kingParliament removed king James II James II without bloodshed - 1688without bloodshed - 1688
Mary (J’s prot daughter) and Mary (J’s prot daughter) and William (leader of Dutch William (leader of Dutch Netherlands) replace James; wars Netherlands) replace James; wars with Francewith France
Catholic monarchy outlawed Catholic monarchy outlawed by Parliamentby Parliament
English Bill of Rights of English Bill of Rights of 16891689
Parliament above the monarchyParliament above the monarchy Identifies limitations of monarchyIdentifies limitations of monarchy Protects rights of individuals:Protects rights of individuals:
eg: Fair trial, no “cruel & unusual eg: Fair trial, no “cruel & unusual punishment”punishment”
Mirrors ideals of Mirrors ideals of LockeLocke Creates a Creates a constitutional constitutional monarchymonarchy/ prevents absolutism/ prevents absolutism
SpainSpain Phillip IIPhillip II – counter-reformation!– counter-reformation! Armada defeatedArmada defeated Spain loses the Spain loses the NorthernNorthern Netherlands Netherlands After Phillip II After Phillip II – other weaker – other weaker
rulersrulers By 1715 By 1715 – end of Louis’ wars - – end of Louis’ wars -
Spanish monarchy goes to French Spanish monarchy goes to French Bourbon line, Bourbon line,
SOUTHERNSOUTHERN Netherlands to Netherlands to Austria/HREAustria/HRE
NorthernNorthern ( (DutchDutch) ) NetherlandsNetherlands Gains independence from SpainGains independence from Spain
Confirmed internationally 1648 Confirmed internationally 1648 (Westphalia)(Westphalia)
A Republic A Republic – governed by assembly – governed by assembly of mostly merchant notables/ religious of mostly merchant notables/ religious tolerance enhances trade and tolerance enhances trade and
Only chose military head of state in Only chose military head of state in times of wartimes of war
William IIIWilliam III marries Mary Stuart who marries Mary Stuart who become K & Q of Engl 1689; no heirs…become K & Q of Engl 1689; no heirs…
Baroque movementBaroque movement
Catholic:Catholic:Monarchy & Catholic Monarchy & Catholic Church main patronsChurch main patrons
BerniniBernini
Baroque Baroque movementmovement
Protestant:Protestant:Noble &middle class Noble &middle class patrons, patrons,
Rembrandt