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Psych 101: Review Session
Sara J. Buhl
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Sport, Exercise, & Health Psychology
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Sport, Exercise, & Health Psychology
psychological factors that affect performance in sports, physical activity, and exercise
aims to enhance individual and team performance
managing emotions minimizing the psychological effects of injury and
poor performance
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Sport, Exercise, & Health Psychology
skills taught: goal setting relaxation visualization self-talk awareness and control concentration confidence
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Sport, Exercise, & Health Psychology
Motivation – intrinsic motivation (inner motivation, e.g., self
accomplishment) extrinsic motivation (outer motivation, e.g.,
money or awards)
Attention Focus – Being able to block everything out, e.g., a
crowd http://appliedsportpsych.org/
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http://www.cnn.com/2010/HEALTH/02/04/vegetative.state/index.html
fMRI in the News
functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) can decipher the brain's answers to questions in healthy, non-vegetative, participants with 100% accuracy
patients believed to be in a vegetative state were scanned using fMRI signs of awareness were detected in 17%
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fMRI in the News
'Vegetative state' man responds to questions severe head injuries in a car crash believed to be in a vegetative state used functional magnetic resonance imaging
(fMRI) mapped brain activity while asked to answer
"yes" or "no" to questions such as "Is your father's name Thomas?"
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fMRI in the News
The patient communicated answers through brain activity.
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http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/02/11/new-poll-shows-support-for-repeal-of-dont-ask-dont-tell/
Survey/Polls in the News
“Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell” PolicyMajority of public supports allowing openly
gay men and women to serve in the military
BUT there is less support for allowing homosexuals to serve openly
Why?
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http://thecaucus.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/02/11/new-poll-shows-support-for-repeal-of-dont-ask-dont-tell/
Survey/Polls in the News
Wording2 Groups:
half asked their opinion on permitting “gay men and lesbians” to serve
70% favored allowing them to serve 60% favored them serving openly
half were asked about permitting “homosexuals” to serve
59% favored allowing them to serve 44% favored them serving openly
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Chapter 1 Review
Wilhelm Wundt (Germany) Established the 1st psychology laboratory
1st psychology experiments Emphasis on introspection
Examining one’s own emotions and mental processes
William James also emphasized introspection Wrote 1st widely recognized text of
Psychology
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Chapter 1 Review
BEHAVIORISM (1920-1960) Science viewed as rooted in observations
Famous Behaviorists: John B. Watson
Little Albert Study conditioned fear of a white rat in baby Albert
B.F. Skinner Studied how consequences shape behavior Pigeons learning to turn/peck by rewarding with food Reinforcement – slot machines “reward” our behavior (putting
in coins) by letting us win at various intervals
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Chapter 1 Review
Hindsight Bias “Hindsight is 20/20”After learning the outcome of a situation, we tend
to believe that we knew what would happen all along
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Chapter 1 Review
Naturalistic Observation Watching & recording behavior in a natural
environment Jane Goodall – Chimpanzee observations
Correlation Relationship of two or more variables Does not indicate causality
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Correlation
Positive or Negative?
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Correlation
Positive or Negative?
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Chapter 1 Review
Experiment one or more factor is manipulated to observe
the effectDouble Blind Procedure
Used in Experiments Both researchers & participants are “blind”
(unaware) about whether the participants have received the treatment or a placebo
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Chapter 1 Review
Experiments manipulate a factor to determine its effect.
Independent Variable the factor that is manipulated factor that the researcher controls
Dependent Variable the factor that is being measured the outcome of interest
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Chapter 1 Review
A study indicates that antioxidants found in blueberries may slow down the process of aging. In this study, rats were fed either their standard diet or a diet supplemented by blueberries. After eight weeks, the rats were given memory tests. The rats who had the blueberries added to their diet showed improvement on the memory tests. Independent Variable? Dependent Variable?
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Chapter 2 Review
Dendrite branching extensions of a neuron receive messages and conduct impulses toward the
cell bodyAxon
the extension of a neuron, through which messages are sent to other neurons or to muscles or glands
Myelin Sheath a layer of fatty cells covering the axon of some
neurons greatly increases the speed of neural impulses
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Chapter 2 Review
Neurons (Nerve Cells)
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Chapter 2 Review
Synapse junction between the axon tip of the sending
neuron and the dendrite or cell body of the receiving neuron
tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap
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Chapter 2 Review - Synapse
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Chapter 2 Review
Central Nervous System (brain & spinal cord) Peripheral Nervous System
the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body
Somatic NS = Voluntary muscle control (skeleton)Autonomic NS = involuntary control of organs &
glands• Sympathetic Nervous System = part of the autonomic NS
that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations
• Parasympathetic Nervous System = Part of the autonomic NS that calms the body, conserving its energy
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Chapter 2 review
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Chapter 2 Review
Brainstem the oldest part of the brain responsible for automatic survival functions
Medulla base of the brainstem controls heartbeat and breathing
Thalamus on top of brainstem receives info from all senses (except smell) and sends it to the
correct brain region Reticular Formation
a nerve network in the brainstem plays an important role in controlling arousal
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Chapter 2 Review
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Chapter 2 Review
Limbic System A group of neural structures in the brain associated with emotions (fear & aggression) associated w/ drives (for food and sex)
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Chapter 2 Review
Limbic System Includes hippocampus (ch. 8) amygdala
linked to emotion influences aggression, rage, & fear
hypothalamus also linked to emotion contains a “reward/pleasure” center
• rats will cross electric grid for stimulation directs several maintenance activities (eating, body
temp)
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Chapter 2 Review
Corpus Callosum - neural fibers that connect the two brain hemispheres and carry messages between them
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Chapter 2 Review The brain & language
Broca’s Area (1860s) Part of frontal lobe Controls language expression Directs muscle movements involved in speech Damage = difficulty forming words, but still able to sing
familiar songs
Wernicke’s Area (1870s) Part of temporal lobe Controls language reception Helps us comprehend and express language Damage = speak meaningless words; unable to
understand words spoken by others
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Chapter 4 Review
Zygote (conception to 2 weeks) fertilized egg enters a 2-week period of rapid cell
division
Embryo (2nd through 8th weeks) organs begin to form; heart begins to beat
Fetus (9 weeks until birth) looks unmistakably human; organs continue developing
Teratogens agents that can reach the embryo or fetus and cause
harm
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Chapter 4 Review
Piaget’s Stages (Cognitive Development) Sensorimotor (birth – age 2)
Object Permanence (know that things still exist even when you can’t see them); Stranger Anxiety
Preoperational (age 2 – 6) Pretend Play; Egocentrism (difficulty taking another’s
point of view) Concrete Operational (age 7-11)
Conservation; Concrete Thinking Formal Operational (age 12 – adult)
Abstract thinking
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Chapter 4 Review
Attachment emotional tie with another person seen in young children when they seek closeness to
caregivers and show distress when separated
Separation Anxiety distress exhibited when young children are separated
from caregivers
Stranger Anxiety An infant’s fear of strangers
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Chapter 4 Review
Attachment Styles: Securely Attached
Explore surroundings, play (when mother is present) Distressed when mother leaves; comforted when she
returns Insecurely Attached - Ambivalent
Less likely to explore and may cling to mother Seem indifferent when mother leaves and returns
Insecurely Attached – Avoidant Also less likely to explore and may cling to mother May cry loudly and remain upset when mother leaves and
returns
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Chapter 4 Review
Harlow Experiments (1950s) Reared monkeys with two artificial mothers
One w/ bare wire and feeding bottle One w/ soft cloth and no bottle
Found that monkeys preferred contact with the cloth mother even though they got their food from the wire mother