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psyc
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Spot the (alleged) criminal
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psyc
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Spot the (alleged) criminal
Musician
Politician Estate agent
What are their alleged crimes?
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Today’s session
You are learning about... You are learning to...• Physiological theories of
criminal behaviour• Critically evaluate
psychological theories
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Physiological theories
• Theories that link criminal behaviour to biological form and function– Atavistic form (Lombroso)– Somatotype (Sheldon)– Extra Y syndrome
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Atavistic form theory
• Lombroso (1876)– Criminality is inherited– Genetic transmission of throwback/atavistic (i.e.
primitive) features– Physical features indicate criminal tendencies
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Lombroso (1876)
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• Can you tell whether someone is a criminal just by looking at them?
• How would you test this idea scientifically?
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Lombroso (1876)
• A number of significant flaws:– Lack of a control group for comparison– Sample included people with
psychological/physiological disorders– ‘Crime’ is a social construction– ‘Single defective gene’ theories - doubtful
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Lombroso (1876)
• A number of significant contributions:– Later believed that most criminality was ‘acquired’
– environment, poverty, education– Shifted study of crime to an empirical basis– ‘The father of modern criminology’ (Shafer, 1976)
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Somatotype theory
• Sheldon (1949)– ‘Constitutional psychology’– Criminality is linked to temperament– Temperament is linked to bodily build• Ectomorph• Endomorph• Mesomorph
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Sheldon (1949)
Relaxed and hedonistic
Energetic and
adventurous
Solitary and restrained
Sour
ce: w
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Sheldon (1949)
• The mesomorph’s personality makes him more likely to engage in criminal activity– Thousands of photographs rated 1 – 7 for
mesomorphy– College students & delinquents compared– Delinquents had higher mesomorphy ratings (4.6
vs. 3.8)
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Sheldon (1949)
• Sheldon’s constitutional psychology is no longer taken seriously
• But there is a small association between bodily build and criminality. How could this be explained?– Influence of testosterone on body and behaviour?– Effects of stereotyping and labelling?
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• Last year you looked at the effects of sex chromosome abnormalities on development. What did you learn?
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Chromosomal abnormalities
XYXXY
Male with feminine
characteristics
Male with exaggerated male
characteristics
XYY
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Chromosomal abnormalities
• ‘Extra Y’ syndrome was suggested to lead to:– High testosterone levels– Powerful bodily build– Heightened aggression– Propensity for violent crime
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Chromosomal abnormalities
• XYY males not actually as predicted (Graham et al, 2007):– Normal testosterone levels– Normal aggression levels– Taller, but not necessarily more powerful– Prone to developmental disorders and learning
difficulties
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Chromosomal abnormalities
• XYY males are rare in the general population and over-represented in the offender population– However, their crimes are not violent ones– So why are XYY men at a greater risk of offending?
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• Single factor theories of criminality are always likely to fail– ‘Crime’ is not a natural or homogenous category
of behaviour– It is self-evidently the result of interaction
between a range of factors– Different explanations for different types of crime