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Psychological Theories on Intelligence
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Defining INTELLIGENCE: a general term referring to the ability or abilities involved in learning an adaptive behavior
Psychologists define intelligence: A collection of mental abilities including verbal, problem solving and practical intelligence.
Layman definition:
Same as psychologists but also ADD social competence (interacting well, being open minded)
+
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Charles Spearman’s Theory
• Intelligence is like a well or spring.
• If you are good in one area, you will be good in all areas.
• “nature” view • Very narrow minded
view of intelligence.
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L.L. Thurstone’s Theory
7 distinct kinds of mental abilities: Spatial Perceptual speedNumerical abilityVerbal meaningMemoryWord fluencyReasoning.
These abilities are independent of one another, but it is assumed that if you are strong in one area you are strong in all areas. All seven = general intelligence
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J.P. Guilford’s Theory
All mental ability involves one of 5 operations
– Evaluation– Convergent thinking– Divergent thinking– Memory– Cognition
• Use these operations on some type of content to result in some type of product.
These result in up to 120 different kinds of mental activities that define intelligence.
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Robert Sternberg
• Alice: (Componential Intelligence) – Ability to learn how to do things and carry out
tasks. • Celia: (Contextual Intelligence) – Capitalize on strengths and compensate for
weaknesses. Seek situations that match their skills.
• Barbara: (Experiential Intelligence) – Ability to adjust to new tasks, adapt creatively
and gain insight.
RIGHT BRAIN
LEFTBRAIN
BOTH
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R.B. Cattell
• Crystalized Intelligence– Reasoning– Verbal – Numerical skills – “school knowledge”– Essentially, LEFT BRAIN
• Fluid Intelligence – Spatial and visual
imagery – Ability to notice visual
details – Essentially, RIGHT BRAIN
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Howard Gardner
Separate areas of intelligence 1. Logical Mathematical: problem solving, math skills 2. Spatial: ability to imagine relative location, artistic3. Musical: gift for music, rhythms, beats 4. Body Kinesthetic: great with sports, dance,
coordination, learn best through movement5. Interpersonal: able to communicate well among
groups, motivate people, lead6. Intrapersonal: understands self, knows how to obtain
goals, personal reflection7. Linguistic: excels in verbal and language skills8. Naturalistic: understands nature, prefers being
outside, categorizes things
EVERYONE’S SMART! JUST FIND YOUR STRENGTH!
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Thurstone
Gardner Guilfor
dSpearm
an
Sternberg
Cattell
WHICH PICTURE MATCHES WITH THE THEORIST?
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Your opinion?
• Which theory or theories do you find most credible in defining intelligence? Why?
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Take this online MI test
• (packet page 11)• http://literacyworks.org/mi/assessment/findy
ourstrengths.html