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Punctuations
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Capital LettersSmall Letters
CommaFull Stop
SemicolonColon
ParenthesisSquare Brackets
HypenDash
Exclamation MarkQuestion MarkQuatation Mark
Apostrophe
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Capital LettersCapital Letters
First letter of a sentence
Pronoun “I”
Proper nouns: names of people, places, organization, countries, nationalities &
languages
Days of week, Months of the year & holidays
Trade marks & Abbreviation (short forms)
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CommaComma
Before but, and, for, or, so, yet(Ex. The game was over, but the crowd refused to leave.)
After phrases, clauses(Ex. While I was eating, the cat jumped in.During the holidays, we went to Singapore.
To get a seat, you better come early.The food, on the other hand, is bland.
That Tuesday, which happens to be a public holiday, we can cancel the meeting.)
After yes, no, however, well, therefore, hence(Yes, the package should arrive soon.
However, you may not be satisfied with the results.)
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Semi ColonSemi Colon
Link two complete sentences
(Ex. I'm going to the store; I need to buy oranges.My name is Teo; I'm studying at New Era College.)
Use in a sentence before conjunctions
(I wanted to send the goods today; however, I had to cancel it due to the bad weather.)
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ColonColon
Introducing list or examples
(Ex. I need to order a few things: A4 size paper, staplers, blue pens, and English dictionary.
Separate book titles, hour and time
(Ex. English Grammar : A Useful Guide3:30 p.m.)
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ParenthesisParenthesis
To set off words, hrases, clauses or sentences
Ex. Carl wanted a car (Proton Exora).Take this over to that girl ( the one with red hair)
and tell her to read it.Although she has three pets (two dogs and one
cat), she left them with her aunt.
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ParenthesisParenthesis
To enclose number, letter, or symbol
Ex. There were eight (8) new rules added.Be sure to include a copyright (@) symbol in that
statement.
To enclose area code of a phone number
Ex. (04) 235-9788
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Square BracketsSquare Brackets
To show an addition to a direnct quotation
'Hello everyone. I hope that you [the employees] will enjoy the meeting this evening.'
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HyphenHyphen
Compound nounsEx. no-smoking sign
Instead of 'to'Ex. page 45 - 65
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DashDash
To show a change of thoughtEx. We went to Pulau Langkawi last year – or perhaps
the year before the last.
To explainEx. The reporter pursued the woman – he wanted to get
some responses from her.
Use double dashEx. She saw her sisters – all five of them – standing in
front of the building.
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Exclamation MarkExclamation Mark
To show strong feelings or raised voicesEx. Go away! I hate you!
Shut up!
A non-question begins with “what” or “how”Ex. How pretty she looked in that dress!
What idiots we are!
Informal writingEx. Remember, don't be late!
I'll never understand this!
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Questions MarksQuestions Marks
To askEx. Are there any letters for me this morning?
Turn a statement into a questionEx. She didn't actually quit her job?
Question TagsThere is an order, isn't it?
You found the documents, didn't you?
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The opostropheThe opostrophe
Contractions – short formsEx. isn't, she's, I've, They're
Possessive FormEx. Did you see Molly's letter?
There is a discount on the ladies' shoes.