QUALITY CONTROL AND MASS PRODUCTION OF TEAK CLONES FOR TROPICAL PLANTATIONS
Chaix G, Goh DSK, Baillères H, Boutahar N, Monteuuis O
Teak Workshop “Porcessing and Marketing of Teak Wood Products of Planted Forests”, September 2007, Kerala India
YSG (Malaysia): Jilimin MSodefor (Ivory Coast) : Fofana J, Kadio A, Kouassi E Forig (Ghana): Ofori D, Derkyi NSA University Lomé (Togo): Kokutse ADCirad (France) : Baptiste C, Poitel M, Verhagen D,
Amusant N, Baudassé C
High variability within teak population
For wood propertiesFor growth traits For form/morphology
height growth in Luasang
0
5
10
15
20
25
13 35 49 61 72 85 96 106
age (months)
heig
ht (m
)
1111PERLIS
2222SEGAMA
4314SALISL
5212SALISL
8367INDKA
8668THALAM
8669THALAM
8822INDSAK
8823INDSAK
8824INDVIN
8831INDKA
8832INDKA
8833INDVIN
8839INDMAU
8844INDMAU
9411CSO
9412CSO
9415SENDJI
9418CSO
9420CSO
9424CSO
9426CSO
9430CSO
9433CSO
9435CSO
9436CSO
9437CSO
9440CSO
9443CSO
9444CSO
9446CSO
9447CSO
9449CSO
There is a evident potential for improving teak raw material andproducing high quality varieties for the different traits
Teak Workshop “Porcessing and Marketing of Teak Wood Products of Planted Forests”, September 2007, Kerala India
FLOWERING FLUTING BUDS & EPICORMICS
FORKS BUTRESSING BOLE QUALITY
Teak Workshop “Porcessing and Marketing of Teak Wood Products of Planted Forests”, September 2007, Kerala India
Performance of seed sources of teak established in YSG/BHD experimental trials in Sabah: first steps towards the genetic improvement programme
Objectives of the seed introduction:
- Testing seed sources from different origins in Sabah condition
- Selecting clones for varietal output
- Starting a genetic improvement programme
13 Seed sources from India
2 Seed sources from Thailand
2 Seed sources from Solomon Islands
VietnamLaos
Thaïlande
Inde MyamarBombay
Calcutta
New Delhi
302220301630211516
3044
Bangkok10133038
304030613054
3047304930483050
30593056305512
Indonésie
2
193065
Côted’Ivoire
134
17Tanzanie
56 Seed sources from Ivory Coast collected in seedling seed orchard (different geographic origins)
86 seed sources, 20 true provenances, 15 provenances from natural area
26 seeds sources common for 2 sites (Taliwas, Luasong)Teak Workshop “Porcessing and Marketing of Teak Wood Products of Planted Forests”, September 2007, Kerala India
1 Seed sources from Papua New Guinea
2 Seed sources from Malaysia
TALIWAS: Distribution of individuals for the different traits measured at 92 months
dbh
Frequency
ht
Frequency
Fork
Frequency
pd
Frequency
Bend
Frequency
Fl ow
Frequency
Fl ut i ng
Frequency
Bran
Frequency
St ra
Frequency
high proportion of trees with forks
high proportion of trees with no fluting
high proportion of trees important branching
Teak Workshop “Porcessing and Marketing of Teak Wood Products of Planted Forests”, September 2007, Kerala India
marked variability between individuals for the growth traits measured
high proportion of trees with good form
LUASONG: evolution of trait expression and trait variability
-0.75 8.25 17.25 26.25
h13
0
200
400
600
Frequency
0.4 4.4 8.4 12.4
h35
0
200
400Frequency
3 6 9 12 15 18 21
h49
0
100
200Frequency
2 5 8 11 14 17 20
h61
0
100
200
Frequency
2.5 7.5 12.5 17.5 22.5
h72
0
100
200Frequency
3.6 9.6 15.6 21.6
h85
0
100
200Frequency
3.0 9.0 15.0 21.0 27.0
h96
0
100
200
300
Frequency
0.0 7.5 15.0 22.5 30.0
h106
0
100
200
Frequency
0.0 1.6 3.2 4.8 6.4 8.0
dbh13
0
200
400Frequency
0.5 5.5 10.5 15.5 20.5
dbh35
0
100
200Frequency
1.8 7.8 13.8 19.8
dbh49
0
100
200Frequency
3.0 9.0 15.0 21.0 27.0
dbh61
0
100
200Frequency
3.0 9.0 15.0 21.0 27.0
dbh72
0
100
200
Frequency
3.0 10.5 18.0 25.5
dbh85
0
100
200Frequency
3.75 12.75 21.75 30.75
dbh96
0
100
200
Frequency
1 7 13 19 25 31
dbh106
0
100
200Frequency
0.00 0.48 0.96 1.44 1.92
st r49
Frequency
0.00 0.48 0.96 1.44 1.92
st r61
0
200
400
600Frequency
0.00 0.48 0.96 1.44 1.92
st r72
0
200
400
600
800
Frequency
0.00 0.48 0.96 1.44 1.92
st r85
Frequency
0.00 0.48 0.96 1.44 1.92
st r96
Frequency
0.00 0.48 0.96 1.44 1.92
st r106
0
200
400
600
800
Frequency
Stem straightness from 49 to 106 months
0.00 0.48 0.96 1.44 1.92
f 49
Frequency
0.00 0.48 0.96 1.44 1.92
f 61
0
200
400
600
800
Frequency
0.00 0.48 0.96 1.44 1.92
f 72
0
200
400
600
Frequency
-0.075 0.975 2.025 3.075
f 85
0
200
400
600
800Frequency
0.00 0.48 0.96 1.44 1.92
f 96
0
200
400
600Frequency
0.00 0.48 0.96 1.44 1.92
f 106
0
200
400
600Frequency
Fork from 49 to 106 months
High level of variability maintained with age for growth traits
Percentage of trees with fork increases with age
Percentage of trees with a good stem straightness increases with age
High variability within provenance in growth
Teak Workshop “Porcessing and Marketing of Teak Wood Products of Planted Forests”, September 2007, Kerala India
Height from 13 to 106 months
DBH from 13 to 106 months
Analysing the correlation between growth and form based on the seed sources data
dbh ht Stra Fork Bend pd Flow Fluting Branht 0.91
0.00
Stra -0.34 -0.340.03 0.03
Fork 0.05 -0.04 0.140.76 0.82 0.39
Bend -0.47 -0.55 0.77 0.030.00 0.00 0.00 0.87
pd -0.53 -0.55 0.49 0.27 0.550.00 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.00
Flow 0.25 0.21 0.00 0.29 -0.11 -0.190.12 0.19 0.99 0.07 0.50 0.25
Fluting 0.12 0.09 0.31 0.38 0.29 0.02 0.500.46 0.59 0.05 0.01 0.06 0.90 0.00
Bran -0.13 -0.23 0.33 0.73 0.27 0.33 0.04 0.350.40 0.14 0.03 0.00 0.09 0.03 0.83 0.03
Low correlation between growth and morphological traits based on mean seedlot performance
High correlation between growth traits based mean seedlot performance
High correlation between fork and branching
Teak Workshop “Porcessing and Marketing of Teak Wood Products of Planted Forests”, September 2007, Kerala India
Analysing the distribution of seed source on a multi-trait approach
Biplot (axes F1 et F2 : 63.32 %)
PNG CSOCSO
CSO
CSO
CSO
CSO
CSO
CSO
CSO
CSOCSO
CSO
CSO CSOCSO
CSO
CSOCSO
CSO
CSO
CSO
CSO
CSO
CSO
CSOCSO
INDM AU
INDKA
INDKAINDM AU
INDKA
INDKAINDKA
INDVIN
INDKA
INDKA
INDVIN
INDSAK
THALAM
INDKA
D B H
H TST R A
F OR K
B EN DP D
F LOWF LU
B R A N D
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
- - axe F 1 (38.54 %) - ->
Seed source with a high potential for selection: good growth and good morphology
Seed from seed orchard of Ivory Coast
Seed source with a low potential for selection: bag growth and bad morphology
Seed from India
Teak Workshop “Porcessing and Marketing of Teak Wood Products of Planted Forests”, September 2007, Kerala India
Genotype * Environment interactions
Interaction not significant for growth
interaction for height
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Luasong Taliwas
site
heig
ht (m
)
8367INDKA
8668THALAM
8823INDSAK
8824INDVIN
8831INDKA
8832INDKA
8833INDVIN
8839INDMAU
8844INDMAU
9411CSO
9412CSO
9418CSO
9426CSO
9430CSO
9435CSO
9437CSO
9440CSO
9443CSO
9446CSO
9450CSO
9452CSO
9454CSO
9457CSO
9459CSO
9463CSO
interaction for fork
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
Luasong Taliwas
site
fork
8367INDKA
8668THALAM
8823INDSAK
8824INDVIN
8831INDKA
8832INDKA
8833INDVIN
8839INDMAU
8844INDMAU
9411CSO
9412CSO
9418CSO
9426CSO
9430CSO
9435CSO
9437CSO
9440CSO
9443CSO
9446CSO
9450CSO
9452CSO
9454CSO
9457CSO
9459CSO
9463CSO
interaction for stem straightness
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
Luasong Taliwas
site
stem
str
aigh
tnes
s (0
to 2
)
8367INDKA8668THALAM8823INDSAK8824INDVIN8831INDKA8832INDKA8833INDVIN8839INDMAU8844INDMAU9411CSO9412CSO9418CSO9426CSO9430CSO9435CSO9437CSO9440CSO9443CSO9446CSO9450CSO9452CSO9454CSO9457CSO9459CSO9463CSO
Interaction significant for stem straightness
Interaction significant for fork
Teak Workshop “Porcessing and Marketing of Teak Wood Products of Planted Forests”, September 2007, Kerala India
Conclusion on first results from field trials A high variability is observed in the teak population introduced in YSG trials of Taliwas and Luasong
Material introduced from Ivory Coast shows a better potential compared to provenances from the natural range
After the clonal strategy improvement (1989-1997), a significant genetic gain can be achieved through - Recurrent programme and two types of varieties: improved seeds or clones,- Integrated approach using tools and facilities (field trials, nursery, wood lab, molecular lab,….)
Cirad imputsPart I - DNA molecular genetics: quality control, property right, improve the
genetic improvement strategy Part II - Wood trait assessments: introduce wood traits in selection schemePart III - Mass clonal propagation: mass production, improve plantation production, clone commercialisationTeak Workshop “Porcessing and Marketing of Teak Wood Products of Planted Forests”, September 2007, Kerala India
Part I - DNA molecular genetics
Genetic origin assessmentGenetic relatedness
Clonal identificationProperty rights
Genetic laboratory of Cirad in FrancePlantations in tropical area (Malaysia)
Teak Workshop “Porcessing and Marketing of Teak Wood Products of Planted Forests”, September 2007, Kerala India
DNA molecular markers application: Fingerprinting and Origin
0 0.2
i076 i081
i082
i085
i088
i092i147
i165i166
i167
i168
i169
i170
i171i172
i173
i174
i175
i176
i177
i178i179
i077
i078i080
i086
i089
i090
i180
i181i182
i183
i184
i185
i186
i187
i189
i190i191
i192
i094
i098
i099i100
i101i103i196
i197
i198
g005
g026
g033
g042
g109
g110
g112g113
i079
i084
i087
i091
i193
i194i195
g007
g023
g027
g048
g095
g097g098
i117
i121
i125
i128
i129i204
i118 i120i124
i126
i131
i203
i105 i106
i109
i112i113
i114
i207i208
i209
i210
i211i212
i213
i214i215
i216
i107
i108i110 i111
i115i116
i217
i218
i219
i220
i221i119
i122
i123i127 i130i205 i206i136 i137 i138i140 i141
i142i223i224i225i226
i227i228
i229
i133i134
i135 i139 i222
g012
g016
g061 g063
g064
g013 g025g047g105 g106
g107
g108g009
g024
g029
g046
g100g101g102
g103
g104
i093
i095i096
i097
i102
i104
i199
i200i201
i202
166 individuals from natural area, 15 SSR markers
(Fofana et al, in prep; Ofori et al in prep)
17 natural populations
Teak Workshop “Porcessing and Marketing of Teak Wood Products of Planted Forests”, September 2007, Kerala India
DNA molecular markers application: Fingerprinting and Clones
Identifying commercial clones
- 12 SSR markers sufficient for clonal characterisation - Leaves from first ortets in the field (Luasong Foreste Center)
2 3 4 51- Repeatability: leaves from two ortets in two locations
Good repeatability of the technic (microsatellite markers)
The clones can be easily differentiated with the markers such as microsatellites
Teak Workshop “Porcessing and Marketing of Teak Wood Products of Planted Forests”, September 2007, Kerala India
Part II - Wood trait assessments
Sapwood percentageDimensional stability (shrinkages)Figure (colour, grain, structure)Natural durability
Relevant properties
End-uses Wood technological characteristicsJoinery - Natural durability- Dimensional stability- Sapwood percentage
Flooring and parquets
- Figure- Dimensional stability - Natural durability- Specific gravity- Sapwood percentage
Furniture - Figure- Dimensional stability- Sapwood percentage
Sliced veneer - Figure
Teak Workshop “Porcessing and Marketing of Teak Wood Products of Planted Forests”, September 2007, Kerala India
Clone 9Clone 8Clone 7Clone 6Clone 5Clone 4Clone 3Clone 2Clone 1
Commercial clone
70,0
60,0
50,0
40,0
30,0
Hea
rtw
ood
Prop
ortio
n (%
)
Age_year: 10.00, Locate: Luasong
Heartwood / Sapwood ratio
Tangential shrinkage
Wood density
Clonal caracterisation and selection based wood traits
Despite they look similar, these clones are significantly different quality wise
clone clone
???
???
!!!
Clone 8Clone 7Clone 6Clone 5Clone 4Clone 3Clone 2Clone 1Bulk
Commercial clone
20000,00
15000,00
10000,00
MO
E_M
pa
Age_year_gross2: 10.00
Color
Teak Workshop “Porcessing and Marketing of Teak Wood Products of Planted Forests”, September 2007, Kerala India
Heartwood / sapwood ratio variability
Age effect Provenance variability
Location effect
Site 1 Site 2Teak Workshop “Porcessing and Marketing of Teak Wood Products of Planted Forests”, September 2007, Kerala India
A non destructive sampling for rapid wood trait assessments
Near InfraRed Spectroscopy (NIRS): calibration/prediction principle
Teak Workshop “Porcessing and Marketing of Teak Wood Products of Planted Forests”, September 2007, Kerala India
NIRS for prediction of wood quality
- Lignin, cellulose, basic density, extractive contents, …
- Teak wood natural durability (= weight loss after fungi attack during 16 weeks /reference)
Relative masse loss x<0.15 = class 1: highly durable0.15<x<0.3 = class 2: very durable0.3<x<0.6 = class 3: Durable0.6<x<0.9 = class 4: Moderately durablex>0.9 = class 5: Non durable
Teak Workshop “Porcessing and Marketing of Teak Wood Products of Planted Forests”, September 2007, Kerala India
Results of prediction teak wood properties by NIRS on core samples
External heartwood
Internal heartwood
- Radial variability of heartwood:
Teak Workshop “Porcessing and Marketing of Teak Wood Products of Planted Forests”, September 2007, Kerala India
Variability of natural durability
22-35 years
10 years
30-40 years
Very durable clones at 10 years
Teak Workshop “Porcessing and Marketing of Teak Wood Products of Planted Forests”, September 2007, Kerala India
Conclusions wood technology parts
Clone 9Clone 8Clone 7Clone 6Clone 5Clone 4Clone 3Clone 2Clone 1
Commercial clone
70,0
60,0
50,0
40,0
30,0
Hear
twoo
d Pr
opor
tion
(%)
Age_year: 10.00, Locate: Luasong
Clone 8Clone 7Clone 6Clone 5Clone 4Clone 3Clone 2Clone 1Bulk
Commercial clone
12,00
10,00
8,00
6,00
4,00
2,00
0,00
Shrin
kage
(%)
451
408
Direction: T, Age_gross_year2: 10.0, Source_Origin: Solomon Island
Large type of technology using by CIRAD and new tools development
To explore the huge diversity for shape and wood properties for teak
To select clones and variety based on commercial values (wood properties) and yield
To define new selection traits based on wood properties
To develop genomics for wood properties
Teak Workshop “Porcessing and Marketing of Teak Wood Products of Planted Forests”, September 2007, Kerala India
Part III - Mass clonal propagation of Teak
Teak Workshop “Porcessing and Marketing of Teak Wood Products of Planted Forests”, September 2007, Kerala India
Seed vs vegetatively produced planting stock
Teak Workshop “Porcessing and Marketing of Teak Wood Products of Planted Forests”, September 2007, Kerala India
Biological constraints of seeds
i) Insufficient availability of seeds, genetic improvement quality in open pollinated seed orchards
ii) The longer the clear bole produced and thus the higher the commercial value, the later the onset of fruiting
iii) Seed germination rates highly variable, low overall (20 à 30%) and unpredictableiv) High variability among individuals, even when genetically related, affecting traits of major economical importance
v) Lack of information regarding the genetic control of most of the economically important traits and of the genetic gain that can be expected from sexual reproduction (seeds)
Teak Workshop “Porcessing and Marketing of Teak Wood Products of Planted Forests”, September 2007, Kerala India
By grafting
1st Step: Getting the first generation of vegetative copies: the « mobilization phase » - by grafting
Teak Workshop “Porcessing and Marketing of Teak Wood Products of Planted Forests”, September 2007, Kerala India
Mass clonal propagation using nursery techniques
1st Step: Getting the first generation of vegetative copies: the « mobilization phase » - by cuttings
- Directly from the mature tree « in situ »
- From sticks set under mist system conditions
Teak Workshop “Porcessing and Marketing of Teak Wood Products of Planted Forests”, September 2007, Kerala India
In Malaysia - average rainfall of 2000-2500mm/yr - in absence of distinct dry season450 to 500 rooted cuttings are produced annually per m2 of stock plants from mature selected teak genotypes
Teak Workshop “Porcessing and Marketing of Teak Wood Products of Planted Forests”, September 2007, Kerala India
Teak Workshop “Porcessing and Marketing of Teak Wood Products of Planted Forests”, September 2007, Kerala India
Requisitesi) Reliable and good quality « mist system » automatically controlled
ii) Container-grown stock plants intensively managed - adapted pruning
iii) Stockplant and rooting areas sheltered by shade cloth and windbreaks
iv) Committed and experienced staff
Teak Workshop “Porcessing and Marketing of Teak Wood Products of Planted Forests”, September 2007, Kerala India
Teak Workshop “Porcessing and Marketing of Teak Wood Products of Planted Forests”, September 2007, Kerala India
Teak is one of the rare forest species that can be easily micropropagated in vitro at an industrial
scale
Teak Workshop “Porcessing and Marketing of Teak Wood Products of Planted Forests”, September 2007, Kerala India
Mobilisation and mass production of clones by in vitro
technique
Microcuttings
Teak Workshop “Porcessing and Marketing of Teak Wood Products of Planted Forests”, September 2007, Kerala India
Meristem culture and microcuttingsExponential multiplication rate: 3n
n: number of subcultures every 6-8 weeks
Rooting in nursery conditions under mist-system > 95%Teak Workshop “Porcessing and Marketing of Teak Wood Products of Planted Forests”, September 2007, Kerala India
Meristem culture-issued teak tree
18 months after planting 7 yr after planting (Girth: 55cm, Height: 25m)Teak Workshop “Porcessing and Marketing of Teak Wood Products of Planted Forests”, September 2007, Kerala India
Requisitesthe
for ensuring a good utilization
* Earlier mass production from mature selected genotypes
* Reduced nursery operations: stockplant management,...
* To use the in vitro-derived plants locally - mist-system neededacclimatization -, or for oversea markets - plantlets are germ-free
and hence are not subject to any phytosanitation measure
1. Tissue culture laboratory adapted to the local context and toobjectives (which can be used also for other species…)
2. Suitable human resources and budget
But the most suitable solution combining the advantages of two options
for
Teak Workshop “Porcessing and Marketing of Teak Wood Products of Planted Forests”, September 2007, Kerala India
Possible back-up from Cirad as regardsThe most advisable selection and propagation strategies adapted to the context and the objectivesThe most suitable facilities and equipment depending on the context, the propagation strategy (nursery, in vitro, combined…), and the production targets
Staff proper training
Teak Workshop “Porcessing and Marketing of Teak Wood Products of Planted Forests”, September 2007, Kerala India
- Productivity can be increased
- Rotations can be shortened, (part of the crop can be harvested earlier)- Losses can be reduced
- Wood quality improved
- It can be combined to other crops (agroforestry systems)
Suitably selected Teak clones can be attractive to land owners providing
Intercropping systemsSilviculture adapted to
- The clones (new genetic materials) - The rotation - The type of culture
Teak Workshop “Porcessing and Marketing of Teak Wood Products of Planted Forests”, September 2007, Kerala India