Topics to Cover
• What are mycotoxins
• How are they created
• What effects do mycotoxins have on animals
when consumed
• How to check and have preventative measures
for molds and mycotoxins
• What is the business impact?
Aspergillus
Fusarium
Penicillium
Ochratoxin AT2 Toxin - DON
Zearalenone
Aflatoxin B1
Molds and Mycotoxins
Contributors To Mycotoxin Contamination
Weather Conditions
Environmental
Handling / Equipment
Storage
Effects of Mycotoxins on the Animal and Business
• Malabsorption of nutrients
• Decrease in immunocompetence
• Reproduction problems– Infertility
• Organ Damage
• Cancer
Aflatoxin Feeding Guidelines
FDA Action Levels for Aflatoxin in Human Food, Animal Feed, and Animal Feed Ingredients
Intended Use Grain, Grain By-Product, Feed or Other Aflatoxin Level (parts per billion)
Human consumption Milk 0.5 p.p.b. (Aflatoxin M1)
Human consumption Foods, peanuts and peanut products 20 p.p.b.
Immature animalsCorn, peanut products and other
animal feeds and and ingrediants20 p.p.b.
Dairy AnimalsCorn, peanut products and other
animal feeds and and ingrediants20 p.p.b.
Breeding Cattle,
breeding swine, and
mature poultry
Corn and peanut products 100 p.p.b.
Finishing Swine 100 lb or
greaterCorn and peanut products 200 p.p.b
Finishing (i.e., feedlot)
beef cattleCorn and peanut products 300 p.p.b.
Beef, cattle, swine, or
poultry, regardless of
age, or breeding status
Cottonseed meal 300 p.p.b.
https://www.ngfa.org/wp-content/uploads/NGFAComplianceGuide-FDARegulatoryGuidanceforMycotoxins8-2011.pdf
Vomitoxin Feeding Guidelines
FDA Action Levels for Vomitoxin
Intended UseGrain, Grain By-Product, Feed or
Other
Vomitoxin Level in grains and Complete Diet**
(parts per million)
Human consumption Finished wheat products 1 p.p.m.
SwineGrain, Grain By-Products not to
exceed 20% of diet5 p.p.m. (1 p.p.m)**
ChickensGrain, Grain By-Products not to
exceed 50% of diet10 p.p.m. (5p.p.m)**
Ruminating beef and
Feedlot cattle older than
4 months
Grain, Grain By-Products * 10 p.p.m. (10p.p.m)**
Ruminating dairy cattle
older than 4 months
Grain, Grain By-Products not to
exceed 50% of diet*10 p.p.m. (5p.p.m)**
Ruminating beef and
feedlot cattle older than
4 months, and
Ruminating dairy cattle
older than 4 months
Distillers grains, brewers grains,
gluten feeds, and gluten meals*
30 p.p.m.
(10p.p.m beef/feedlot)**
(5p.p.m. dairy)**
All other AnimalsGrain, Grain By-Products not to
exceed 40% of diet5 p.p.m. (2p.p.m)**
88% dry matter basis **Complete diet figures shown within parentheses
https://www.ngfa.org/wp-content/uploads/NGFAComplianceGuide-FDARegulatoryGuidanceforMycotoxins8-2011.pdf
Fumonisin Feeding Guidelines
FDA Guidence Levels for Fumonisin in Animal Feed
Class of Animal Grain, Grain By-ProductsFumonisin Level in grains and Complete Diet
(parts per million)
Horse and RabbitCorn and corn by-products not to
exceed 20% of the diet**5 p.p.m. (1 p.p.m)
Swine and CatfishCorn and corn by-products not to
exceed 50% of the diet**20 p.p.m. (10 p.p.m)
Breeding Ruminants,
Breeding Poultry
Corn and corn by-products not to
exceed 50% of the diet**30 p.p.m. (15p.p.m)
Ruminants Older Than 3
Months eing Raised for
Slaughter
Corn and corn by-products not to
exceed 50% of the diet**60 p.p.m. (30p.p.m)
Poultry being raised for
slaughter
Corn and corn by-products not to
exceed 50% of the diet**100 p.p.m. (50p.p.m)
All Other Species or
Classes of Livestock and
Pet Animals
Corn and corn by-products not to
exceed 50% of the diet**10 p.p.m. (5 p.p.m)
*Includes lactating Dairy cattle and hens laying eggs for human consumption **Dry weight basis
https://www.ngfa.org/wp-content/uploads/NGFAComplianceGuide-FDARegulatoryGuidanceforMycotoxins8-2011.pdf
Mycotoxin Limits in Feed
Mixing Instructions
https://www.ngfa.org/
wp-content/uploads/
NGFAComplianceGuide-
FDARegulatoryGuidance
forMycotoxins8-2011.pdf
Optimal Temperatures for Growth of Molds
Commonly Associated with Feed Grains
Hill, R. A., D. M. Wilson, W. W. McMillian, N. W. Widstrom, R. J. Cole, T. H. Sanders and Blankenship (1984) “Ecology of the Aspergillus group and aflatoxin formation in maize and ground nuts” from Tricothecenes and other Mycotoxins, ed. by J. Lacy, J. Wiley and Sons, pp 79-95; Storage of Cereal Grains and their Products (1982) ed. by C. M. Christensen, Amer. Assoc. Cereal Chem., St. Paul, Minn., pp 1-544; Bullerman, L. B., L. L. Schroeder and K. Y. Park (1984) J. Food Protection 47: 637-646; and Rabie, C. J., E. W. Sydenham, P. G. Thiel, A. Lubben and W. F. O. Marasas (1986) App. and Envir. Microbiol. 52: 594-59.
Temperature, °F32 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120
Aspergillus (growth)
Optimum
Penicillium (growth)
Optimum
Fusarium (growth)
T-2 toxin production
Efficacy of Organic Acid to Inhibit
Growth of Molds
From: Pelhate, J. 1973. Stabilisation de la mycoflore de maïs-grains
Humides ensilés. Ann. Tech. Agric. 22:647-661.
Efficacy of Propionic Acid to Inhibit
Growth of Molds
From: Higgins, C. and F. Brinkhaus. 1999. Efficacy of several organic
Acids against molds. J. Applied Poultry Res. 8:480-487.
Research with Pigs
Virginia Diversified Research Corporation
FloMatrix added at the rate of 5 lb./ton
Because of factors outside of PMI Nutritional Additives’ control, individual results to be obtained, including but not limited to:
financial performance, animal condition, health or performance cannot be predicted or guaranteed by PMI Nutritional Additives.
Reduction in Energy Content in Feed and what it
does to the Animal1
Corn Quality Soybean Oil Level Weight Gain2 Metabolizable Energy
(kcal/kg diet)
Good 1 767±7a 2576±6b
Moldy 1713±8b
2431±14c
Moldy 2728±13b
2552±7b
Moldy 4762±10a
2889±12a
a,b,c Values followed by different letters differ significantly (p<0.05).1 When more than 1% oil was used, it was added at the expense of the basalt.2 Mean ± SE of 30 chicks.
Bartov, I., N. Paster and N. Lisher (1982) Poultry Science 61: 2247-2254
Effects of Mycotoxins: Reproductive Problems
Treatment Hatchability (%)1
1 2 3 4
Control (basal diet) 75.12abcA 88.13aA 85.71abA 64.01bcdA
Basal + 100 ppm zearalenone F.
roseum48.96abB 35.5bC 37.41bB 24.53bB
Basal + 100 ppm pure zearalenone 79.17aA 88.75aA 75.33aA 71.36aA
abcd Means within a row with different lower case superscript letters differ (P<0.05). The mean standard error between periods within treatments was
7.8.ABC Means within a column with different upper case superscript letters differ (P<0.05). The mean standard error between treatments within periods
was 9.29.1 Values represent the mean of 10 individually fed turkey females for 2-week periods.
Allen, N. K., A. Peggri, C. J. Microcha and J. A. Newman (1983) Poul. Sci.
62: 282-289.
Microbial Control Points
• Grinding
• Mixing
• Feed trucks
• On-Farm
• Ingredients – grains
• Handling
• Bin cleaning
• Storage
Ingredient Truck
Distributor
Ingredient
Bins
Mixer
Distributor
Feed Bins
BaggerPellet
Mill
Grinder
Cooler
Screener
Feed Truck
Farm Bins
Determining Mold & Mycotoxin Hot Spots
Source: IMG-KANA-00195
Business Impact
• Testing vs. Not Testing
• Cost of poor risk management
• What is 1 to 2 % worth?
• Value Added Products
• Market Segmentation Demands (FSMA)
• Recall on contaminated products
• Cost of Binders
• Testing More Efficiently
• Better Merchandising Capabilities
• Rate of Gain on Animals Fed
• Better Reproduction
• Better Health
-$$• Not hitting contract specs; incur additional
transportation expense• Taking lesser contracts to avoid rejection; not
getting maximum value for ‘good’ grain
+$$• Ability to hit a wide variety of contract
specs; opens more markets; reduces transportation costs
$$$$ $$$ $$ $
Without Testing, No Information To Support Segregation / Acceptance
Testing Produces Data That Drives
Business Decisions
Testing Provides Information To Drive Business Decisions
How Do Mycotoxins Impact Business
(Corn)
Fast, Accurate, Decision Point Answers Are Key To Driving Operational Efficiencies And A Healthy Bottom Line
Errors Can Be Introduced At Various Steps In
The Testing Process
Extract DiluteSampleRun, Read &Record
Extract DiluteSampleRun, Read &Record
Errors Can Be Introduced At Various Steps In
The Testing Process
Extract DiluteSampleRun, Read &Record
Errors Can Be Introduced At Various Steps In
The Testing Process
Extract DiluteSampleRun, Read &Record
Errors Can Be Introduced At Various Steps In
The Testing Process
Extract DiluteSampleRun, Read &Record
Errors Can Be Introduced At Various Steps In
The Testing Process
Extract DiluteSampleRun, Read &Record
Errors Can Be Introduced At Various Steps In
The Testing Process
Extract DiluteRun, Read &Record
Sample
Errors Can Be Introduced At Various Steps In
The Testing Process
…By Consolidating Steps Across Multiple Assays
Extract DiluteSampleRun, Read &Record
Use One Sample
To Create One Extract
And Run, Read & Record at One Time
That Allows You To TestDON, Afla & FUM
3 Results in 8 Minutes