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Quantitative Analysis of Distribution Protection Enhancement using Fault Circuit Indicator
Mohammad Zadeh, Ph.D., P.E., SMIEEEPrincipal Electrical Engineer
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Introduction• Faulted Circuit Indicators
• Motivation
• Distribution Feeder Protection and Coordination Fuse Saving Scheme Fuse Blowing Scheme
• Distribution Feeder Coordination Challenges
• Using FCIs to Switchover Logic Fuse-Blowing to Fuse-Saving Switchover Logic Fuse-Saving to Fuse-Blowing Switchover Logic
• IEEE 34 bus distribution feeder example
• Enhanced Protection and Coordination
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Faulted Circuit Indicator• Detect and indicate short circuit in electric power distribution networks
• Fault Indicators are placed on key places in the system.
• Reduces substantially the time and costs needed to find out the point of fault
• Reduce service interruptions
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Motivation
• Transmit FCI’s signal to reclosers within a time range of a power system cycle • Implement pilot protection to
Increase protection speed Increase reliability
• Pilot protection in transmission application Loss of communication typically does not result in loss of reliability
• Zone selective interlocking (ZSI) in industrial system Loss of communication results in loss of security
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Distribution Feeder Protection and Coordination
• Protection is selected based on
Feeder Configuration
Feeder Length
Number of Customer
Available fault current
• Coordination is performed for
Fuses, Relays, Reclosers, Breakers
Three Phase
Two Phase
Single Phase
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Fuse Saving Scheme• Coordinating Recloser and Fuse
• To Overcome the extended outages caused by
faults on fused line sections.
• Recloser interrupt the fault current before a
fuse begins to melt via Fast Curve Operation
• If fault is permanent, fault current resumes
upon reclosing and cleared by the fuse.
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Fuse Blowing Scheme• Coordinating Recloser and Fuse
• Minimize no. of customers exposed to an
interruption by allowing a fuse to clear a
given fault.
• Recloser is configured with a slow curve to
blow fuse for all permanent and temporary
faults
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Coordination Challenge• Fuse-saving schemes are difficult to coordinate with different fuse sizes.
• Faults located further downstream of fuses may have low current, difficult tocoordinate with the recloser fast curve clearing time.
• In fuse-blowing scheme faults on fused sections become permanent outages even fortemporary cause.
• Faults on unfused sections persist for a longer period of time
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Fuse-Blowing to Fuse-Saving Switchover Logic
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Fuse-Saving to Fuse-Blowing Switchover Logic
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IEEE 34 Node Test Feeder
800
806 808 812 814
810
802 850
818
824 826
816
820
822
828 830 854 856
852
832888 890
838
862
840836860834
842
844
846
848
864
858
513.1 kVA
503.1 kVA
Rec
Relay
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IEEE 34 Node Test Feeder
513.1 kVA
Rec
Rec 834 860 836 862 842 844 846 848
465 480 485 492 493 480 484 493 495
Recloser 1st shot operating time (ms), 3Ph fault
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Enhanced Protection and Coordination
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Enhanced Protection and Coordination• Blocking Scheme
Default is to act based on slow curve Switch to fast if blocking signal is not received
and current is above pickup
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Enhanced Protection and Coordination• Permissive Tripping Scheme
Default is to act based on slow curve Switch to fast if permissive signal is received
and current is above pickup
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Enhanced Protection and Coordination
Rec 834 860 836 862 842 844 846 848
Base 465 480 485 492 493 480 484 493 495
Blocking 53 54 54.4 55 55 54 54.3 55 55
Permissive 465 480 54.4 55 55 480 480 490 495
Recloser 1st shot operating time (ms), 3Ph fault
513.1 kVA
Rec
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Enhanced Protection and Coordination
800
806 808 812 814
810
802 850
818
824 826
816
820
822
828 830 854 856
852
832888 890
838
862
840836860834
842
844
846
848
864
858
513.1 kVA
503.1 kVA
Rec
Relay
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Enhanced Protection and Coordination
818
824 826
816
820
822
828 830 854 856
852
832888 890
838
862
840836860834
842
844
846
848
864
858
513.1 kVA
503.1 kVA
Relay1 Rec
Fuse 9
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Enhanced Protection and Coordination
Fuse Blowing to Fuse Saving Scheme
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Enhanced Protection and Coordination
830 854 856
852
832888 890
838
862
840836860834
842
844
846
848
864
858
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Enhanced Protection and Coordination
830 854 856
852
832888 890
838
862
840836860834
842
844
846
848
864
858
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Enhanced Protection and Coordination
830 854 856
852
832888 890
838
862
840836860834
842
844
846
848
864
858
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Conclusion
• Faulted Circuit Indicator (FCI)• Communicate to adjacent protective devices within a power system cycle• Allow implementing pilot protection at distribution system• Number of FCI and recloser locations• Short circuit level• Choice of protection scheme: fuse saving or blowing• Detailed software simulation and analysis is recommended including
Scheme logic Loss of communication Delay
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References
• Kei Hao ; Shankar V. Achanta ; Jakob Fowler ; David Keckalo, “Apply a Wireless Line Sensor System to Enhance Distribution Protection Schemes”, WPRC 2016
• Applying Fault Indicators to Wind Farms, SEL AN2009-43• Applying Fault Indicators to Solar Photovoltaic Plants, SEL AN2011-03• https://www.streamer-electric.com/products/fault-indicators