Quantitative Study of High Dynamic Quantitative Study of High Dynamic Range Image Sensor ArchitecturesRange Image Sensor Architectures
Sam Kavusi and Abbas El GamalDepartment of Electrical Engineering
Stanford University
Scene DR > Image Sensor DRScene DR > Image Sensor DR
ImageScene
Courtesy Pixim Corporation
DR Extension MethodsDR Extension MethodsSeveral methods have been developed to extend image sensor DRDeep submicron CMOS image sensor processes [Wuu ‘01] and vertical integration [Kozlowski ‘02] enable implementation of high DR, high fidelity methods
This work studies four such schemes:Time-to-saturation [Lule ‘99, Stoppa ‘02]Multiple-capture [Yang ‘99, Kleinfelder ‘01, Bidermann ‘03]Asynchronous self-reset with multiple capture [Liu ‘03]Synchronous self-reset with residue readout [Bermak ‘02, Rhee ‘03]
SNR as Fidelity MeasureSNR as Fidelity MeasureHow should these methods be compared?
Methods can be partially compared based on their SNR [Yang ’99, El Gamal ’02]:
Some schemes extend DR but at expense of SNR
This work: Quantify SNR for the four schemesConsider non-idealities due to implementation, especially due to pixel area constraint
Conventional (Reference) SensorConventional (Reference) SensorCCD, APS, CTIA
Timetint
v(t)Vmax
Vmin
iph(A)
TimeTime--toto--Saturation Saturation [Lule ‘99, Stoppa ‘02]
Pixel
Time
v(t)
tint
V1
tsat
Vmax
TimeTime--toto--Saturation Saturation [Lule ‘99, Stoppa ‘02]
Pixel
Similar to reference sensorand SNR limited by:
tsat inaccuracy due to comparator noise/delay, time-ramp inaccuracy, kTC of CT-Ref (inaccuracy in tsat measured by σsat)
SNRSNR
iph(A)
MultipleMultiple--CaptureCapture[Yang ‘99, Kleinfelder ’01, Bidermann ’03]
Pixel
v(t)
tint
Vmax
tcapt Timejtcapt
Vlast
MultipleMultiple--CaptureCapture[Yang ‘99, Kleinfelder ’01, Bidermann ’03]
Pixel
v(t)
tint
Vmax
tcapt
V1
Time
MultipleMultiple--CaptureCapture[Yang ‘99, Kleinfelder ‘01, Bidermann ‘03]
Pixel
Pixel-level ADC resolution limited (ADC-ramp, speed/resolution trade-off)Digital weighted averaging is possible [Liu ’03] Increasing tint is possible by motion blur prevention [Liu ’03]
Capture time is very accurate
SNRSNR
iph(A)
Asynchronous SelfAsynchronous Self--Reset Reset [Liu ’02]
Pixel
Time
v(t)
tint
Vmax
tcapt
Asynchronous SelfAsynchronous Self--Reset Reset [Liu ’02]
SNR better than MC but with higher DSP cost:ADC resolution limited (ADC-ramp, speed/resolution trade-off)Digital weighted averaging can compensate for itIncreasing tint is possible by motion blur prevention [Liu ’03]Self-reset accuracy is relaxed
SNR increasing but limited by gain FPN
Pixel
SNRSNR
iph(A)
Synchronous SelfSynchronous Self--Reset with Reset with Residue ReadoutResidue Readout
[Bermak ‘02, Rhee ’03]
Pixel
Time
v(t)
tint
Vmax
tclk Time
v(t)
tint
Vmax
tclk
Synchronous SelfSynchronous Self--Reset with Reset with Residue ReadoutResidue Readout
[Bermak ‘02, Rhee ‘03]
Pixel
Reset noise and ADC resolutionimax and SNR at high end limited by:
Comparator and self-reset offset accumulation resulting in gain FPN (inaccuracy measured by σoffset)Underestimation of iph due to signal saturation
SNRSNR
iph(A)
SummarySummary
Method imin imax SNRPixel
MismatchesEffect
DSP Power
TTS = ++ – High Low
Moderate
High
Moderate
MC – /= + + Moderate
Comparator
Readout/DSP
Readout/DSPAsync – /= + ++ Moderate
Sync – – +++ – – High Comparator/digital circuits