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Question of the Day
Draw a Punnett Square for the following cross: Aa X Aa
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Punnett Square
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Agenda
• MET Videos
• Quiz
• Prove me wrong
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Fig. 14-3-1EXPERIMENT
P Generation
(true-breeding parents) Purple
flowers Whiteflowers
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Fig. 14-3-2EXPERIMENT
P Generation
(true-breeding parents) Purple
flowers Whiteflowers
F1 Generation
(hybrids) All plants hadpurple flowers
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Fig. 14-3-3EXPERIMENT
P Generation
(true-breeding parents) Purple
flowers Whiteflowers
F1 Generation
(hybrids) All plants hadpurple flowers
F2 Generation
705 purple-floweredplants
224 white-floweredplants
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Allele for purple flowers
Locus for flower-color gene
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Fig. 14-4
Allele for purple flowers
Homologouspair ofchromosomes
Locus for flower-color gene
Allele for white flowers
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Definitions
• Homozygous—two of the same alleles– Purple and Purple alleles– White and White alleles
• Heterozygous—two different alleles– One Purple and one white allele
• Genotype—combination of alleles
• Phenotype—expression of alleles
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Fig. 14-5-1P Generation
Appearance:Genetic makeup:
Gametes:
Purple flowers White flowersPP
P
pp
p
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Fig. 14-5-2P Generation
Appearance:Genetic makeup:
Gametes:
Purple flowers White flowersPP
P
pp
p
F1 Generation
Gametes:
Genetic makeup:Appearance: Purple flowers
Pp
P p1/21/2
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Fig. 14-5-3P Generation
Appearance:Genetic makeup:
Gametes:
Purple flowers White flowersPP
P
pp
p
F1 Generation
Gametes:
Genetic makeup:Appearance: Purple flowers
Pp
P p1/21/2
F2 Generation
Sperm
Eggs
P
PPP Pp
p
pPp pp
3 1
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Dominance in Humans
• Tongue rolling dominant to non-rolling
• Cleft chin dominant to smooth chin
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Dominance in Humans
• Widows peak dominant to straight hairline
• Unattached earlobes dominant to attached earlobes
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Law of Segregation
1. Different alleles cause variation in a popluation
2. For each trait, an organism inherits two alleles…one from each parent
3. If the two alleles differ, then one, the Dominant allele is fully expressed
4. The two alleles for each trait separate prior to sex
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The Law of Segregation cont’d
• The two alleles for each trait are separated prior to sex
• Example: Heterozygote• Purple color is separated from white color
and each allele is passed on separately to the baby
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
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The Law of Independent Assortment
• When chromosomes are ripped apart prior to sex, the traits are sorted independently from one another
• Example:– Having a cleft chin does not mean that you
will always have attached earlobes
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
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Dominantly Inherited Disorders
• Some human disorders are caused by dominant alleles
• Dominant alleles that cause a lethal disease are rare and arise by mutation
• Achondroplasia is a form of dwarfism caused by a rare dominant allele
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings
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Fig. 14-17
Eggs
Parents
Dwarf Normal
Normal
Normal
Dwarf
Dwarf
Sperm
Dd dd
dD
Dd dd
ddDd
d
d
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How can two dwarfs have children that are not dwarfs?
• Homozygous dominant is lethal
• Heterozygous in non-lethal
• Homozygous recessive is non-dwarf
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Punnett Square
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Autosomes vs. Sex Chromosomes
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1 st g en e ra tio n
2 n d g en e ra tio n
3 rd g en e ra tio n
1 2
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4
K ey
n o rm a l m a le
n o rm a l fem a le
m a le w ith co n d itio n
fem a le w ith co n d itio n
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Sex chromosomes
• Sex determined by XX and XY
• Sex linked traits– Hemophilia
• X linked recessive
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Hemophilia Punnett Square
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Based on the diagram below, what do you know about individual III-2's
mother?
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Objectives
• Demonstrate content knowledge of genetics
• Work collaboratively with your peers
• Discuss ideas and form a consensus
• Self-evaluate your work