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Evolution: change in allele frequencies from generation to generation
Modern synthetic theory explains evolution as occurring in two stages:
First stage: microevo processes = mutation, recombination, genetic drift, and gene flow produce and redistribute genetic variation
Genetic drift: evolution due to chanceGene flow: evolution due to gene exchange between populations
Second stage: macroevo processes like natural selection act on variation over geologic time causing speciation
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Quiz concerns
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Today: Anthropoids
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Last time: prosimians and tarsiers
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monkeys, apes, humans
Traits distinguishing the anthropoids from prosimians...
-increased parental care-more mutual grooming
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Anthropoids
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-85% of all primate speciesDivided geographically: New World monkeys and Old World monkeys
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Monkeys
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Where: Central and South America-almost exclusively arboreal-prehensile tail
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New World Monkeys
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Tamarins and marmosets-smallest monkeys-claws (ancestral trait)-twin births-males more involved in infant care
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New World Monkeys (example)
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Where: Africa to Southeast Asian islands-sexual dimorphism-females have swelling and redness during estrus
Divided into subfamilies: Cercopithecines Colobines
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Old World Monkeys (Cercopithecidae)
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Baboons, mandrills, and macaquesWhere: Africa and AsiaDiet: omnivorous
Traits-terrestrial baboons have ischial callosities
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Cercopithecines
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Colobines Where: Africa and AsiaDiet: folivorous
Traits-leaf-eating monkeys-segmented stomachs
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Old World Monkeys: Colobines
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Traits distinguishing them from monkeys
Continued evolutionary trends:-longer infant developmental periods-more complex brains and behavior-larger body size and brainier-shortened trunk-arms longer than legs-no tail
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Hominoids: apes and humans
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Where: tropic areas of southeast AsiaDiet: omnivorous
Brachiation: suspensory locomotion involving arm swinging
Traits: adaptations to brachiation-muscled shoulders-long arms-curved fingers
https://youtu.be/U3JhwjNfx_g13
Gibbons and siamangs
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Where: forests of Borneo and SumatraDiet: frugivorous
Traits-almost completely arboreal-solitary
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Orangutans
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Where: Africa (east/west lowland, and mtn gorillas)Diet: vegetarians
Traits-largest living primates-sexual dimorphism
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Gorillas
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ChimpanzeesWhere: equatorial AfricaDiet: omnivorous plus other animals
Traits-knuckle-walking on ground-brachiation in trees
Social: large fluid communities-form lifelong attachments
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Hominoids
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BonobosWhere: areas south of Zaire RiverDiet: omnivorous
Traits-copulate throughout estrus cycle-female-centered communities-female-female and male-male sexual behaviors
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Hominoids
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Homo sapiensWhere: found everywhere in all climatesDiet: omnivorous
Traits-only living bipeds-brainsize increased enormously-entirely dependent on culture
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Hominoids - humans