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R. MuniappanIPM CRSP
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First Successful Biological Control of a Weed -1795
Control of Opuntia monacantha by Dactylopius ceylonicus in India (1796-1809)
Subsequently released in Sri Lanka, Australia and South Africa
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Opuntia stricta damaged by Dactylopius opuntiae photos by H. Zimmermann
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Chromolaena odorata(Eupatorium odoratum) Asteraceae (Compositae)
In a coconut plantation
Flowers in Dec. – Jan. in
N. Hemisphere and June – July in S. Hemisphere
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Pareuchaetes pseudoinsulata (Lep. Arctiidae)
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Chromolaena defoliated by Pareuchaetes pseudoinsulata in Rota
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Yellowing of Chromoalena due to Insect Induced Defense
Marutnai and Muniappan (1991) Ann. Appl. Biol. 119: 227-237
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Electron microscopy of leaf tissue
Green leaf Yellow leaf
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Eriophyid mite, Acalitus adoratus
Infested leaf Distribution
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Gall fly, Cecidochares connexa(Dip.: Tephretidae)
Gall fly ovipositing in the terminal shoot
Photo by Desmier de Chinon
Distribution of gall fly
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Cecidochares connexa
GallMaggots in side the gall
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Minerals in nutrient sink of the galls
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Chromolaena workshop conducted
Seven Proceedings and 17 Newsletters published
1988 – Bangkok, Thailand
1991 – Bogor, Indonesia1993 – Abidjan, Ivory
Coast1966 – Bangalore, India2000 – Durban, South
Africa2003 – Cairns, Australia2006 – Pingtung, Taiwan
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Coccinia grandis in Guam
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Coccinia grandis flowers & fruits
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Acythopeus cocciniae (Curculionidae)Adult weevils Larval mining
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Acythopeus burkhartorum (Curculionidae)
AdultGall in the
tendril
Pupal chamber
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Melittia oedipus (Sesiidae)
Adult Larva in the stem
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Coccinia grandis biocontrol in Hawaii (Waimanalo, Hilo)Pictures: courtesy of Hawaii Department of Agriculture
Before release of biocontrol agents
Six years after release of biocontrol agents
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Lantana camara (Verbenaceae)
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Uroplatis girardi, a leaf mining chrysomelid beetle
Adult Leaf damaged by
grubs
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Tingid bug, Teleonomia scrupulosa
Adult
Flower damaged by Lantanophaga pusilidactyla (Pterophoridae)
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Parthenium hysterophorus(Asteraceae)
A field covered by Parthenium in India
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Parthenium defoliated by Zygogramma histrophorus (Chrysomelidae)
Photos: K. Dhileepan
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Giant sensitive plant, Mimosa diplotricha (Mimosaceae)
Pictures: L. KuniataM. diplotricha infested area in Papua New Guinea
Heteropsylla spinosa – Effect of nirogen application
d) Damage
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
13-Dec-91
20-Dec-91
27-Dec-91
3-Jan-92 7-Jan-92 8-Feb-92
Dam
ag
e s
co
re (
1=n
o c
on
tro
l, 1
0
= c
om
ple
te c
on
tro
l)
Control Urea
a) Adults
0
5
10
15
20
25
13-Dec-91 20-Dec-91 27-Dec-91 3-Jan-92 7-Jan-92 8-Feb-92
Ad
ult
s p
er
30cm
tip
Control Urea
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Salvinia molesta contol by Cyrtobagous salviniae Photos : P. Room and M. Julien
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Waterhyacinth, Eichhornia crassipesWaterhyacinth flower A pond in India infested
by waterhyacinth
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Waterhyacinth in PNGPhotos: J.A. Coetzee et al.
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Waterhyacinth in a lake before and after release of Neochetina eichornieiae and N. bruchi Photos: J.A. Coetzee et al.
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Weed Country Benefit/cost ratio
Acacia longifolia (Andr.) willd South Africa 104
Acacia pycantha Benth South Africa 665
Acacia saligna (Labill.) Wendl.) South Africa 800
Azolla filiculoides South Africa 2.513
Eichhornia crassipes BeninAustralia
12427.5
Lantana camara South AfricaAustraliaAustralia
225.69
Benefit cost analysis for the biological control of invasive weeds in the tropics
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Weed Country Benefit/cost ratio
Mimosa diplotricha Australia 17.6
Mimosa pigra Australia 0.8
Opuntia aurantiaca Lindley South Africa 709
Opuntia spp. Australia 312.3
Parthenium hysterophorus L. Australia 7.2
Pistia stratoides Australia 27.5
Prosopis spp. Australia 0.5
Salvinia molesta D. S. Mitchell AustraliaSri Lanka
Zimbabwe
27.553
10.6
Benefit cost analysis for the biological control of invasive weeds in the tropics (Contd.)