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RADAR METEOROLOGYCourtney Schumacher
Texas A&M University
ATMO 352
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Rinehart (2004)
“Simplified”Block DiagramOf a PulsedWeather Radar
14th floor
12th floor
Upper roof
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Transmitting and Receiving Radar Waves
ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/guides/rs/rad/basics/sgnl.rxml
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Properties of an Electromagnetic Wave:
: wavelengthf: frequencyc: speed of light
f = c
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Stephens (1994)
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Radar Bands
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Locating a Target using Radar CoordinatesAzimuth Angle Elevation Angle
(or slant range R)Distance, which is sometimes called “slant range”
ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/guides/rs/rad/basics/sgnl.rxml
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Doppler phase shift and velocity (VD)Time T1
VD
Time T2
VD (1/4 wave) Doppler phase shift (D) of 90
ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/guides/rs/rad/basics/sgnl.rxml
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Scattering (for particles small compared to wavelength ())
ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/guides/rs/rad/basics/sgnl.rxml
Smaller target scatters relatively less energy.
Larger target scatters relatively more energy.
Scattered Energy ~ (Diameter)6
Received Energy converted to RADAR REFLECTIVITY
Lots of targets!
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Rain = many scatterers!
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Cifelli et al. (2002)Wakimoto and Bringi (1988)
Polarimetric measurements
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Scanning Mode: PPI
Plan Position Indicator (PPI)
CSU-CHILL S-band radarSupercell: 29 June 2000
PPI of radar reflectivity at 3.54 elevation angle
Rangerings
azimuth
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Scanning Mode: RHI
Range Height Indicator (RHI)RHI of radar reflectivity at 67.29 azimuth angle
Height(km)
Range (km)
elevationangle
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NWS Weather Surveillance Radar – 1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) and NEXRAD Network
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NWS Scan Strategies
VCP-11 VCP-21
Range (km) Range (km)
Hei
ght
(km
)
14 tilts5 min
9 tilts6 min
• VCP-12 has 4 min update with more resolution at lower levels
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Radar examples
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Hector over the Tiwi Islands, Australia
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Classic Reflectivity Structure of an MCS from ADRAD
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Classic Reflectivity Structure of an MCS from ADRAD
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Classic Velocity Structure of an MCS from ADRAD
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Classic Structure of a LL-TS MCS
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www.crh.noaa.gov/lmk/soo/docu/bowecho.php
WEC=Weak echo channelRIJ=Rear-inflow jet
Bow Echo
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Tornadic Supercell 9 May 2003Tornado on ground 0346Z
Tornado’s Location
Radar reflectivity
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Tornado’s Location
Doppler velocity
Tornadic Supercell 9 May 2003Tornado on ground 0346Z
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3 May 1999 Mesocyclone
www.nssl.noaa.gov/divisions/warning/swat/Cases/990503/StormA.html
1.4° Reflectivity PPI 23:17 UTC 5.2° Radial Velocity PPI 22:58 UTC
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WSR-88D Mesocyclone Detection
Source: NOAA NSSL
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1.6 km
3 May 1999 BWER
3.5 km
2.6 km
4.5 km
www.nssl.noaa.gov/divisions/warning/swat/Cases/990503/StormBG.html
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4 May 1999 Vertical Structure
www.nssl.noaa.gov/divisions/warning/swat/Cases/990503/StormBG.html
0.5° Reflectivity PPI 02:36 UTC Vertical cross section 02:36 UTC
BWER, forward overhang, hail cascade
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Nebraska record hailstorm 2003 70-75 dBZ
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Differential Reflectivity (ZDR)Zh-Zv
Differential Reflectivity Differential Reflectivity (Z(ZDRDR))
Reflectivity (ZReflectivity (ZHH))
Hail
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Rapid DOW Phased Array (NSF/CSWR facility)
• Hybrid electronic/ mechanical steering