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Radioactive Isotope
Isotope which is unstable. It emits radiation &
changes into another kind of atom.
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Transmutation Reaction
When one kind of nucleus changes into another kind
of nucleus.
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Relationship between stability and energy
As stability , energy .
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Stability
Depends on neutron to proton ratio.
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Which elements are unstable?
All the elements with atomic number > 83 (or
beyond Bismuth)
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Types of Radiation
Alpha, Beta, GammaSeparated by electric or
magnetic fields.
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Least penetration power
Alpha radiation. Shielding can be paper or cloth.
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Most penetration power
Gamma radiation. Requires lead/concrete
shielding.
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2He or 2
Symbol for alpha radiation
4 4
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2He or 2
Same as the nucleus of a helium atom
4 4
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2He or 2
Mass = 4 amuCharge = +2
4 4
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-1e or -1 or - or
Symbol for beta particle
0 0
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-1e or -1 or - or
Fast moving electron originating from nucleus
0 0
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-1e or -1 or - or
Mass = “zero”Charge = -1
0 0
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+1e or +1 or +
Symbol for positron.
0 0
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+1e or +1 or +
Mass = “zero.”Charge = +1.
Positive electron
0 0
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0 or
Symbol for gamma radiation.
0
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0 or
0 mass0 charge
0
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0n or n
Symbol for neutron
1
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1H or 1p
Symbol for proton
1 1
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Alpha Decay
Unstable nucleus emits an alpha particle.
Atomic # by 2. Mass # by 4.
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220Fr 4 + 216At
Unstable nucleus emits an alpha particle.
Atomic # by 2. Mass # by 4.
87 2 85
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220Fr 4 + 216At
Equation represents natural transmutation. 1 term on reactant side.
87 2 85
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220Fr 4 + 216At
Balance nuclear equations using conservation of
atomic number & conservation of mass
number.
87 2 85
4 + 216=220
87 = 2 + 85
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# of Half-Lives
Elapsed timeLength of H.L.
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Half-Life Map
Mass Elapsed Time
Fraction Remainin
g
# of Half Lives
Start mass
0 1 0
1 X H.L. ½ 1
2 X H.L. ¼ 2
3 X H.L. 1/8 3
4 X H.L. 1/16 4
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Decay Mode
Same as type of particle emitted
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Average Atomic Mass
Weighted average of the masses of the naturally
occurring isotopes.
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Artificial Transmutation
Particle “bullet” hits target nucleus & new isotope is produced.
2 terms on reactant side.
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Artificial Transmutation
32S + 1n 32P + 1H16 0 15 1
bullettarget
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Artificial Transmutation
Particle “bullet” may be proton or alpha particle. To react with a nucleus, must overcome + + repulsive forces by accelerating bullet to high speeds.Particle “bullet” may be a neutron. Neutrons have no charge, so no repulsive forces to overcome. No acceleration necessary.
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Fission
Fission is division.
Large nucleus (U-235 or Pu-239) is split into 2 medium sized nuclei by a neutron bullet. Excess neutrons & a great deal of energy are also produced.
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239Pu + 1n 90Sr + 147Ba + 3 1n
Fission
94 0 038 56
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Fusion
Fusion: U for unite and U for sun.
Very small nuclei (H & He) are jammed together. Huge amounts of energy are released.
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1H + 2H 3He
Fusion
1 1 2
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Identify each of the rxns
a) 1n + 235U 142Ba + 91Kr + 3 1n + energy
b) 59Co + 1n 60Co
c) 3He + 1H 4He + 0e
d) 14C 14N + 0e
0 92 56 36 0
27 0 27
2 1 2 +1
6 7 -1
fission
Artificial transmutation
fusion
Natural transmutation