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Rainfall Spatial and Temporal Distribution in Sumber Jaya,
West lampung
Rita Manik
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Back ground
• There was environmental degradation in Sumber Jaya, including the flood in February 2002 that damaged the power plant and causing a serious shortage of electricity in Lampung Province as well as periodic water deficits needed to drive the turbines during the dry season
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• Preservation of watershed functions and erosion control are the two major arguments for retaining forests in Sumber Jaya as protection areas
• Local governments blamed coffee farmers for the problems. Such accusations create conflicts between local forestry officers and villagers who claim that the previous government officials officially transferred some parts of the land within the forest zone to them and they have the right to manage the lands as they wish
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Rainfall distributions
VS
Land use changes
Natural forrest
VS
Agroforrest
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Problems
•Rainfall – runoff relationship in catchment scale
The rainfall--runoff relationship quantifies the response function describing the behaviour of a watershed. The response function is a result of numerous processes, complex and interdependent, that participate in the transformation of rainfall into runoff (Singh and Birsoy, 1977).
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Water inputRainfall Watershed Water discharge
output
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Rainfall distribution
• Temporal distribution
• Rain depth
• Spatial distribution
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Research site
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Methods
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Nested catchments
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Catchment Area (ha) Mean slope (%)
1 2.84 29
2 8.21 46
3 12.39 33
4 20.45 20
5 27.22 26
WB 67.68 26
FR 10.39
AF 4.39
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Rain gages
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Parshall Flumes
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Methods
• Rainfall temporal distribution:
cross-correlations
auto-correlations
• Rainfall spatial distribution :
cross-correlations
Kriging
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Rainfall temporal distribution:2 August 2005
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
0 50 100 150 200
Time (9:00)
Rai
nfa
ll (m
m)
C!
C3
AF
C5
WB
FR
23 October 2005
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
0 50 100 150
Time(16:00)
Rai
nfa
ll (m
m)
C1
C3
AF
C4
C5
WB
25 October 2005
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
0 50 100 150 200 250
Time (16:00)
Rai
nfa
ll (m
m)
C1
C3
AF
C4
C5
WB
FR
26 October 2005
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
0 100 200 300
Time (11:00)
Rai
nfa
ll (m
m)
C1
C3
AF
C4
C5
WB
FR
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Rainfall temporal distribution:2 November 2005
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
1 4 7 10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43
Time (14:00)
Rai
nfa
ll (m
m)
C1
C3
C4
C5
CAF
CFR
CWB
19 November 2005
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
0 100 200 300
Time (11:00)
Rai
nfa
ll (m
m)
C1
C3
C4
C5
AF
WB
FR
7 December 2005
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
0 100 200 300 400
Time (12:00)
Rai
nfa
ll (m
m)
C1
C3
C4
C5
AF
WB
FR
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Daily Average of coefficient correlation among catchments
Date C1 C3 C4 C5 CAF CFR
16-Jul-05 0.298345 0.403841 0.459069 0.307098 0.190206
18-Jul-05 0.510047 0.466725 0.574263 0.244129 0.443542
19-Jul-05 0.952486 0.960662 0.97749 0.973713 0.931874
02-Aug-05 0.440578 0.368632 0.522944 0.263833 0.313566
21-Aug-05 0.471879 0.24392 0.517687 0.314581 0.292299 -0.04579
22-Aug-05 0.777705 0.782464 0.745109 0.652387 0.572682 0.413579
25-Sep-05 0.781395 0.764145 0.804101 0.699094 0.588346 0.205309
18-Oct-05 0.712814 0.722281 0.701596 0.582218 0.393156
22-Oct-05 0.566868 0.696074 0.622975 0.509745 0.329756
23-Oct-05 0.584093 0.530136 0.44626 0.169781 0.258088
25-Oct-05 0.72363 0.634489 0.607306 0.435997 0.47959 0.257356
26-Oct-05 0.839183 0.750404 0.735457 0.605203 0.360082
03-Nov-05 0.45747 0.673518 0.610762 0.441547 0.172871
18-Nov-05 0.684072 0.720389 0.697829 0.640743 0.340826
19-Nov-05 0.70919 0.646349 0.453432 0.558036 0.395826
20-Nov-05 0.434234 0.470342 0.151299 0.299228 0.114708 -0.33936
25-Nov-05 0.664426 0.649788 0.621162 0.578245 0.411551 0.081998
27-Nov-05 0.510451 0.498357 0.525282 0.278741 0.195067 -0.03525
07-Dec-05 0.718757 0.65773 0.520478 0.509883 0.469442 0.199205
08-Dec-05 0.585608 0.555513 0.475366 0.425176 0.065773
27-Dec-05 0.63306 0.689996 0.607875 0.535225 0.31452
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02-Aug-05
C3 CAF C5 CWB CFR
C10.48185
90.68351
60.54337
60.39274
8 0.437479
C3 0.38786
50.54506
60.56494
4 0.278007
CAF 0.35065
60.32881
5 0.199111
C5 0.39685
9 0.745667
CWB 0.315157
23-Oct-05
C3 CAF C4 C5 CWB
C10.6966
420.8079327
20.8447
110.3103
860.4557
9
C3 0.7389997
90.7407
70.3685
50.5921
55
CAF 0.8210
420.2944
930.4879
75
C4 0.2742
450.4540
6
C5 0.2117
04
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Time lags
16-Jul-05 18-Jul-05 02-Aug-05 21-Aug-05
Lags WB FR CAF CFR CAF CFR FR WB
2 0.7853 0.8572 0.5175 0.5844 0.7840 0.8808 0.5852 0.1295
4 0.6868 0.7792 0.4265 0.4194 0.5935 0.7379 0.4935 0.4942
6 0.5955 0.6960 0.2270 0.1818 0.4816 0.5840 0.1523 0.3324
8 0.3977 0.5764 0.1841 0.1393 0.4774 0.4358 0.2176 0.2163
10 0.2979 0.4876 0.4776 0.2909 0.0324 0.2771
12 0.1825 0.3701 0.4776 0.2127 0.0098 0.3084
14 0.0819 0.2354 0.3857 0.1825 -0.1305 0.0795
16 0.0802 0.1274 0.3535 0.1918 -0.2155 0.2472
18 0.3369
20 0.3282
22 0.2557
24 0.2737
26 0.2267
28 0.1634
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Time lags
22-Aug-05 25-Sep-05 18-Oct-05 23-Oct-05
Lags CFR CWB CFR CWB CAF CAF C5 CWB
2 0.8053 0.5692 0.8591 0.7319 0.6791 0.7696 0.7500 0.8213
4 0.6376 0.2506 0.7027 0.4579 0.5344 0.7084 0.5291 0.6525
6 0.4661 0.1173 0.5119 0.1510 0.4826 0.5764 0.3124 0.4779
8 0.3145 0.1015 0.3328 -0.0115 0.3940 0.1729 0.3322
10 0.1388 0.0841 0.2051 0.0992 0.2435
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Spatial Distribution
Average of coefficient correlation among catchments
C3 C4 C5 CAF CFR CWB
C1 0.721266 0.671723 0.777534 0.751575 0.384678 0.535187
C3 0.618752 0.807045 0.764234 0.253727 0.715793
C4 0.686781 0.601693 0.199235 0.334294
C5 0.714603 0.315822 0.637122
CAF 0.288417 0.550781
CFR 0.206051
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02-Aug-05
Sill Length Centre
2.0043 0.45
1.2383 0.0925
1.3747 0.0925
1.3163 0.45 C1
1.3344 0.45 C1
1.0302 0.45 C1
1.1034 0.45 C1
0.3653 0.45 C1
0.7158 0.0925
0.7158 0.0925
1.7465 0.0925
1.875 0.0925
25-Sep-05
Sill Length Centre
1.1976 0.0925
1.5532 0.0925
0.8655 0.0925
1.857 0.0925
1.7579 0.0925
1.8733 0.45 C5
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23 October 2005
0102030
405060
C1 CAF C3 C4 C5 CWB
Rai
nfal
l (m
m)
25 October 2005
010203040506070
C 1 C 3 C AF C 4 C 5 C WB C FR
Rai
nfa
ll (m
m)
7 December 2005
0
20
40
60
80
C1 C3 AF C4 C5 WB FRR
ainf
all (
mm
)
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ConclusionsA. Rainfall temporal
distributions
Over the nested catchments• From 24 rain events only in 4 rain events one catchment
have relatively high correlations (r≥ 0.7) to the rest of other catchments which might showed temporally homogenous pattern of rain
• From distances between catchments (Table 9) it can be concluded that rain pattern showed some correlations with r ≥ 0.7 only on the distances < 500 m.
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Rainfall temporal distributions
• the longest time lags during rain events were 28 minutes and time lags when rain fell homogenously were only < 6 minutes. The rainfall maximum time lags between the catchments (28 minutes) could be considered as relatively short.
• Rain in catchments area generally fell suddenly, on relatively short time (between 12 to 150 minutes), in the afternoon or late afternoon (13:00 to 17:00) and often spread in patches; those characteristics indicated that types of rain were convective. Convective rain developed because of local surface heating.
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Over Sumber Jaya catchment• In general rain occurred on longer time and higher
intensity (2 – 6 mm/2 min) on upper part of the catchment compared to the lower part (the nested catchments); they lasted from 150 -540 minutes; and preceded and ended with light rain.
• Since rain covered mostly the upper part of catchment and did not pour homogenously over the whole catchment, the rains probably were orographic rain. Air masses which moved horizontally were forced to lift because of topographic barriers.
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• Stations with distances < 2 km are constantly had high relation (r >0.8); even though up to ≈ 17 km there was still exist some correlation (r ≈ 0.5). It can be concluded that rainfall distributions inside Sumber Jaya catchment from July to December were not homogenously covered the whole area and this could mean that moisture that came form uplifting movement due to topographic barrier only yield in local rain around the mountains.
• Time lags between the two stations were about 15 minutes. Probably time lags were not the important substances on this analysis since moisture came from different sources; not from one source and then moved to another area. The time lags did not reflect the time of storm moving from one source with certain directions.
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Over the nested catchments
• In general source of rainfall in this catchment area mostly were not originated from single cloud cluster, rain was not centred in one area and spread with lower intensity to the surrounding area. It was most likely that small cluster of clouds were spread over the catchments, then grew and some times one cluster might dominated the area for short time.
• Only occasionally that rainfall in this area formed by one big cluster of cloud and continually dominated the area. This is related to what was explained on previous section that rain type over the catchments was convective type which developed from surface heating. The spread of the clouds could also reflect the uneven heating on catchments surface.
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• larger clusters mostly developed over catchment WB and over catchment 4 and 5. Hence, higher rain depths occurred on the down part (outlet) of the catchment, and sometimes on the middle part but rarely from the upper part.
• The catchments outlet (catchment WB) was closer to Mount Subhan (West part of the Sumber Jaya catchment) while catchment 1 was closer to Bukit Rigis area (central part of the catchment). Forest in Mount Subhan was in better coverage compared to Bukit Rigis, Bukit Rigis are the area of intense coffee plantations, consequently, Subhan were a better moisture sources than Bukit Rigis.
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Rainfall spatial distributions
Over Sumber Jaya catchment
The results show that most of the rains started from and had high depth at Subhan Mountain area (West, 1623 m asl). The other moisture sources were Mount Benatan (North, 1688m asl) and Bukit Rigis (Central, 1395 m asl). From geographic position of Sumber Jaya region, Mount Subhan is the highest elevation which face the open ocean at the west of Lampung Province, and behind Subhan is Benatan.
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The actual of rain season, when rain sources came from large system (the Indonesian ocean) not just came from local surface heating, occurred on January. It can be tracked from result on January 4th 2006 when rain covered the whole catchment and consistently the source came from Mount Subhan.
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Thank you